2. US-PAK Relations
• US established diplomatic relations with
Pakistan on October 20, 1947.
• it can be extrapolated that the relations have
been based strictly on military and economic
support.
• Pakistan's relations with the US improved in
early 1950s‟ when President Eisenhower
came to power.
3. Conti…
• Pakistan’s first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan
visited United States to meet president Harry S
Truman.
• It is alleged that during PM Khan’s first visit to
US, president Truman requested Pakistan’s
premier to let the CIA formulate a base in
Pakistan, strictly to keep an eye on the activities
of Soviet Union .
4. • The choice of the United States was not
surprising.
• Apart from the U.S willingness to offer
assistance as a part of its global strategy for
the containment of Communism, Pakistan
leaders had already given ample evidence of
their pro-West disposition.
• Their distrust of the Soviet Union was quite
known which was reinforced by the
unearthing of a pro-Soviet 'Rawalpindi
Conspiracy' (1951) to dislodge the
government in Pakistan.
5. • Pakistan's security problems primarily with
India and secondarily with Afghanistan were
catalyst to Pakistan's frantic search for allies.
The deepening economic crisis in the early
1950s also contributed to this decision. In
early 1952, the prices of jute and cotton
began to drop in the International market
which adversely affected Pakistan's foreign
trade. The foreign exchange earnings and
gold and sterling reserves dwindled. Pakistan
was also faced with a serious shortage of
wheat in 1952-53.
6. • The United States came for Pakistan's rescue by offering
a gift of wheat in 1953 which helped to overcome food
shortages and built a lot of goodwill in Pakistan for the
donor.
• Several other factors pushed Pakistan towards alignment
with the United States.
• Pakistan suffered from a sense of isolation in the World.
The efforts to promote unity in the Muslim World were
not making headway.
• also became clear that the UN and the Commonwealth
would not facilitate the solution of the Pakistan-India
problems, especially the Kashmir dispute.
7. Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
• In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defense
Agreement with US and subsequently became
members of SEATO and CENTO.
• These treaties put Pakistan under influence
and thus Pakistan was used against Soviet
territory.
8. • The first defense agreement in May 1954
under which the US undertook to provide
defense equipment to Pakistan “exclusively to
maintain its internal security, its legitimate
self-defense or to permit it to participate in
defense of the area”.
• Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra lauded
the PAK-US agreement.
9. Ayub‟s Era
• • Beginning of a cosy relationship with the
US...
• 1953- Food Crisis Aid
• 1954-Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement
– First military assistance from the US
– „exclusively to maintain our internal
security...and legitimate self-defense‟
10. “SEATO”
South East Asian Treaty Organization
September’8, 1954
• Members: Australia, France, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United
Kingdom, United States.
• Purpose : Establish a collective security
arrangement for South-East Asia.
• Enhance trade relationship between its
members.
11. Conti…..
• Reason for its failure:Lack of ability to resolve
issues.
• Ultimate inability of other Seato Nations to act
militarily
12. “CENTO”
Central Treaty Organization
1955
• Members : Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, United
Kingdom
• Purpose:
• U.S pressure and promises of military and
economic aid were key in the negotiations to
the agreement.
• Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in
Middle East oil producing countries.
13. Conti…..
• Reasons for failure:
• Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
• Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in
member states
• (Egypt, Syria, Iran etc)
14. Ayub‟s Era
• Pakistan as a strategic partner in
completing the ring of containment
around Soviet Union.
• Significance of SEATO and CENTO
• – Military aid increased to $500 million by
1957
• – Further strengthening of US-Pak
relationship
• – Became United States' "most-allied ally" in
Asia.
15. Pakistan's alignment with the United
States yielded several advantages.
• American economic assistance grants,
loans, goods and services gave a boost to
Pakistan's faltering economy.
• The most significant contribution was in
the field of defense and security where
the two states developed very close ties.
16. • Pakistan received grant assistance valued at US
$ 650 million, and credit facilities worth US $ 55
million.
• The military assistance included arms and
ammunition, artillery pieces, APCs, and
transport for the Army; aircraft F-104, B-57, F-
86, and C-130 for the Air Force; naval defense
equipment, including warships; radar and
communication equipment.
17. Conti…
• Training facilities in Pakistan were improved
and a good number of Pakistan military
officers were sent to the United States on
different training courses; Pakistan's Air
Force and the Navy took part in joint CENTO
exercises which enabled them to gain
invaluable experience. not cost-free.
• Pakistan's independent foreign policy was
compromised and the prospects for
improvement of its relations with the Soviet
Union.
18. Conti…..
• The U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group
(USMAAG) was set up in Pakistan to advise and
guide the modernization of the armed forces
and the security arrangements.
• A number of divisions were reequipped, and a
few new ones were raised, coupled with the
restructuring of the defense system.
19. 1958
• General Muhammad Ayub Khan after taking
over the government in a bloodless coup,
1958
• Made the foreign policy of Pakistan and
mentioned that we are “the most allied ally”1
of the United States.
20. 1959 Pakistan and the United
• On 5th March, 1959 Pakistan and the United
States signed the bilateral agreement of
Defense for bilateral cooperation.
• According to this agreement, United States
agreed to cooperate with Pakistan to deal with
• its security threats and
• its defense requirements.
21. Conti…..
• On 7th December, 1959 Eisenhower became
the first United States president to visit
Pakistan.
• Ayub Khan also informed: Pakistan also felt
threatened by China (because at that time
Pakistan’s relations with China were not so
cordial) and demanded F-104 American
aircraft immediately.
22. 1960s
• During the decade, the pro-American
sentiments in Western side of Pakistan were
at an all time high.
• Ayub Khan allowed United States to fly spy
mission to Soviet Union from Pakistan’s
territory.
• Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and half a billion in
US funds.
23. U-2 Crises of 1960:
• July, 1957- US requested permission from
Pakistan for the establishment of a secret US
Intelligence facility in Pakistan.
• Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar.
• April 9, 1960- U-2 spy plan of the special CIA
unit crossed the national boundary of the
Soviet Union and flew over four Soviet top
secret military objects but was detected by
the Soviet Air Defense Forces.
24. Conti….
• Pakistan became a “wholehearted ally”
• which undertook ‘real -responsibilities and
risk’ by providing facilities
‘highly important to US national security.
• Compromise on Pakistan’s security and
worsened relations with the Soviet Union.
• Soviet Union threatened the nuclear
annihilation of Pakistani cities.
25. Sino-Indian War
• In 1962, Sino-Indian War was fought US gave
aid to India without consulting
• Pakistan. In the same year General Ayub Khan
visited China which affected PAK-US relations.
• Pakistan growing friendship with communist
China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war.
26. Cost of Alignment with the West
• The alignment with the West was not cost-
free. Pakistan's independent foreign policy
was compromised and the prospects for
improvement of its relations with the Soviet
Union suffered heavily.
• The Soviet leaders were extremely perturbed
by this development and they resorted to a
two pronged strategy against Pakistan.
• First, the Soviet leaders made a blistering
criticism of Pakistan's alignment with the U.S.
and threatened Pakistan with dire
consequences if Pakistan allowed its territory
to be used against the Soviet Union.
27. Conti….
• Second, they extended support to India on
the Kashmir question, describing it an
integral part of India.
• They also supported Afghanistan's irredentist
claims on Pakistani territory.
• Pakistan's participation in defense pacts
came in conflict with its desire to cultivate
close and cordial relations with the Muslim
states.
• With the exception of Iran and Turkey which
shared the defense arrangements, the
Middle Eastern states responded negatively
to Pakistan's security ties with the West.
28. Conti….
• Pakistan also lost ground with the
developing countries.
• Pakistan was very active in organizing the
Bandung Conference in 1955 but, when
the spirit of Bandung crystallized into the
Nonaligned Movement (NAM) in 1961,
Pakistan was excluded because of its
participation in defense pacts.
• Earlier, it adopted an ambiguous policy
towards the Suez crisis, 1956, which
alienated Egypt.
29. • In 1965 Indo-Pakistan War Happened in which
both United States and United Kingdom
supplied arms to Pakistan.
• United States increased the amount of aid to
Pakistan half a billion of which were lost in
war.
