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WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF ZOOLOGY.pptx
- 1. WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF ZOOLOGY Dr. K. ASHOK Dr. M. BABU
- 2. Dr. K. ASHOK Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai- 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India Dr. M. BABU Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai- 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
- 3. Introduction to Zoology Zoology is the scientific study of animals. It encompasses everything from the smallest invertebrates to the largest mammals. Zoologists study animal behavior, physiology, anatomy, genetics, ecology, and evolution. They try to understand the relationship between animals and their environment
- 4. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) is often considered the “father of zoology”. He was one of the first to classify animals into groups based on their physical characteristics and behavior, and he wrote extensively about the habits and characteristics of animals. His book “Historia Animalium” is one of the earliest works of zoology and contains detailed observations and descriptions of a wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, fish and insects.
- 5. Main branches of Zoology Biogeography : Study of the patterns of geographic distribution of organisms and the factors that determine those patterns. Classification : The method of arranging the organisms into groups is called classification. Developmental Biology : Study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Ethology : Study of animal behaviour. Evolutionary Biology : Subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
- 6. Molecular Biology : Study of chemical and physical structure of biological macromolecules is known as molecular biology. Physiology : Study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. Structural Zoology : Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology. Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology : Invertebrate Zoology deals with the study of Invertebrates and the vertebrate Zoology is the study deals with the study of vertebrates.
- 7. Sub-Branches of Zoology Acarology : Study of tick and mites Actinobiology / Radiobiology : Study of effects of radiations on living organism Aerobiology : Study of flying organisms Andrology : Study of male reproductive organs Angiology : Study of blood vessels Anthropology : Study of human races Apiculture : Rearing of honey bees Apiology : Study of honey bees Aquaculture : Culturing of aquatic organisms Araneology : Study of spiders Arthrology : Study of joints Bacteriology : Study of bacteria Bionics : Study of mechanical systems like living organisms and parts of living organisms Batracology : Study of rays and skates Biochemistry : Study of chemistry of living organisms : Bioclimatology : Study of effect of climate on distribution of organisms
- 8. Biodynamics : Biology dealing with energetics of organisms Biometry : Applicaitn of mathematics in living organisms Biophysics : Study of physical principles of living organisms Biostatistics : Application of statics in living organisms Biotechnology : Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society. Biotechnology, often referred to as biotech, has existed since the beginning of civilization with the domestication of plants, animals and the discovery of fermentation. Bioinformatics : Bioinformatics, as related to genetics and genomics, is a scientific subdiscipline that involves using computer technology to collect, store, analyze and disseminate biological data and information, such as DNA and amino acid sequences or annotations about those sequences. Scientists and clinicians use databases that organize and index such biological information to increase our understanding of health and disease and, in certain cases, as part of medical care.
- 9. Bionanotechnology : Bionanotechnology is defined as the incorporation of biological molecules into nanoartifacts Carcinology : Study of crustaceans Cardiology : Study of heart Chiropterology : Study of bats Chondrology : Study of cartilage Cnidology : Study of cnidarians Conchology : Study of molluscan Craniology : Study of cranium Cryobiology : Study of life at low temperature Ctetology : Study of acquired characters of plants and animals Demography : Study of populations Dermatology : Study of skin Entomology : Study of insects Epidemiology : Study of epidemic diseases Ethology : Study of animal behaviours Etiology : Study of origin of disease Eugenics : Study of improvement of human races by the application of genetic laws Euphenics : Study of improvement of human races by altering protein synthesis in the cell
- 10. Euthenics : Study of improvement of human race by providing better conditions Exobiology : Study of life in the other plants Gerentology : Study of aging in man Gnatobiology : Study of germ free living organisms Gynaecology : Gynaecology Haematology : Study of blood Heiminthology : Study of Helminths Herpetology : Study of frogs Ichnology : Study of foot prints Ichthyology : study of molluscan shells Immunology : Study of immune systems in the body and antigen-antibody reactions Laryngology : Study of larynx Lepidopterology : Study of butterflies Limnology : Study of life in fresh water bodies Malcology : Study of molluscs Mammology : Study of mammals Mastology : Study of breasts Microbiology : Study of micro-organism (viruses and bacteria)
- 11. Myrmecology : Study of ants Neonatology : Study of newly born organisms Neontology : Study of recently formed organisms Nephrology : Study of nephrons Nidology : Study of bird nests Odontology : Study of teeth and gums Onchology : Study of cancer Ontogeny : Study of history of an individual Ophilogy : study of snakes Ophthalmology : Study of eyes Organology : Study of organs Ornithology : Study of birds Osteology : Study of bones Otology : Study of ear Parazoology : Study of sponges Pedology : Study of soil Phenology : Study of seasonal behaviours flowering in plants, migrations in animals Phrenology : Study of brain and its working Phylogeny : Study of racial history
- 12. Pisciculture : Culturing of fishes Pleurology : Study of lungs Protozoology : Study protozoans Psychology : Study of human mind Renology : Study of kidneys Rhinology : Study of nose Sarcology or myology : Study of muscles Saurology : Study of lizars Sericulture : Rearing of silk worms Serology : Study of serum Sonology : Study of wounds Splanchnology : Study of visceral organs Syndesmology : Study of joints and ligaments Tectology : Study of structural organization of body Teleology : Study of interpretations of structures in terms of utility and purpose Teratology : Study of abnormal Torpedology : Study of fishes Traumatology : Embryos (terats) Trichology : Study of hair
- 13. Urology : Study of excretory system Veterinary science/ Veterinary medicine : Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Virology : Study of viruses and virus-like agents. Vermiculture : Artificial rearing or cultivation of worms (Earthworms). Zymology / Enzymology : Study of enzymes. Zoography (Descriptive Zoology) : Study of animals and their respective habitats. Zoogeography : Study of geographical distribution of animal species. Zoometry : Study of measurement including size and length of animal parts. Zootomy : Study of animal anatomy.
- 14. Zoological Names of animals and birds Common name Scientific name Bison Bos gaurus Black buck Antelope cervicapra Chinkara Gazella bennettii Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus Wolf Canis lupus Lion Panthera leo Elephant Elephas maximus Wild Ass Equus africanus asinus Leopard or panther Panthera pardus Kashmir stag or hangul Cervus canadensis hanglu Peacock Pavo cristatus
- 15. Common name Scientific name Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus Fox Vulpes vulpes Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis Tiger Panthera Tigris Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Gavial or Gharial Gavialis gangeticus Horse Equus caballus Zebra Equus quagga Buffalow Babalus bubalis Wild boar Sus scrofa Arabian camel Camelus dromedaries Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis House wall Lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius
- 16. Common name Scientific name Rhesus monkey or baudar Macaca mulatta Dog Canis lupus familiaris Cat Felis domesticus Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Black rat Rattus rattus House mouse Mus musculus Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Great horned owl Bubo virginianus House sparrow Passer domesticus House crow Corvus splendens Common myna Acridotheres tristis Indian parrot Psittacula eupatria Bulbul Molpastes cafer Koel Eudynamis scolopaccus
- 17. Common name Scientific name Pigeon Columba livia Indian Cobra Naja naja King cobra Ophiophagus hannah Sea snake Hydrophiinae Indian Python (Ajgar) Python molurus Dhaman or rat snake Ptyas mucosa House crow Corvus splendens Hen Gallus gallus domesticus Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Deer Cervidae Polar bear Ursus maritimus Goat Capra aegagrus hircus Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius African elephant Loxodonta
- 18. Scope of Zoology Zoology is the scientific study of animals, including their behavior, physiology, anatomy, genetics, ecology, evolution, and classification. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from microscopic organisms such as bacteria and protozoa to complex animals like primates and whales. The scope of zoology is broad and diverse, and includes many subfields such as: Anatomy and physiology: The study of the structure and function of animals, including their organs, tissues, and cells. Behavioral ecology: The study of how animals interact with their environment and each other, including their social behavior, communication, and mating strategies. Evolutionary biology: The study of how animals have evolved over time and how they have adapted to their environment. Genetics: The study of how genes and heredity influence the characteristics and traits of animals.
- 19. Marine biology: The study of marine organisms and their ecosystems, including their distribution, behavior, and adaptations. Neurobiology: The study of the nervous system and how it functions in animals. Systematics and taxonomy: The study of the classification and naming of animals, including their evolutionary relationships and phylogeny. Wildlife conservation: The study of how to protect and manage animal populations and their habitats. Overall, zoology plays a vital role in understanding and preserving the biodiversity of our planet, and it has many practical applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
- 20. Job opportunities in Zoology Zoology is the scientific study of animals and their behavior, physiology, genetics, and ecology. It's a diverse field that offers a variety of job opportunities for those with a degree in Zoology. Here are some of the job opportunities available in Zoology: Wildlife Biologist - Conducts research on animal behavior, ecology, and population dynamics to help manage and conserve wildlife populations. Zookeeper - Cares for and manages animals in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife parks, and educates the public about animal behavior and conservation. Animal Behaviorist - Studies animal behavior to understand how animals interact with their environment and other animals.
- 21. Conservation Biologist - Works to protect endangered species and their habitats by developing and implementing conservation plans. Research Scientist - Conducts research on animal biology, genetics, and physiology to develop new treatments for human diseases and improve animal health. Veterinarian - Diagnoses and treats animal illnesses and injuries, and provides preventive care to maintain animal health. Animal Trainer - Trains animals for use in entertainment, research, or other specialized applications. Wildlife Educator - Educates the public about wildlife conservation and ecology, and promotes the importance of protecting wildlife habitats. These are just a few of the many job opportunities available in Zoology. With a degree in Zoology, can also pursue careers in academia, government agencies, and private industry.
- 22. There are various academic job options available for individuals with a BSc in Zoology. Some of the common academic job roles include: Research Assistant: Research assistants work with senior researchers or professors and help them in their research projects. Their role involves collecting data, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and presenting findings. Laboratory Technician: Laboratory technicians work in academic institutions and help in conducting experiments, maintaining laboratory equipment, and assisting in the preparation of laboratory reports. Wildlife Biologist: Wildlife biologists study animals in their natural habitats, their behavior, ecology, and evolution. They also work on projects that help in the conservation of endangered species. Animal Behaviorist: Animal behaviorists study the behavior of animals in different environments and their interaction with other animals and humans. They also work on projects that involve animal welfare and training.
- 23. Zookeeper or Animal Caretaker: Zoos and other animal facilities hire zoology graduates as animal caretakers. They are responsible for feeding and caring for the animals, as well as maintaining their living environment. Environmental Consultant: Environmental consultants advise organizations on environmental issues such as pollution, conservation, and sustainability. They work on projects that involve the management and protection of natural resources. These are just a few examples of the academic job roles available for individuals with a B.Sc in Zoology. The specific opportunities available will depend on the individual's skills, experience, and interests.
- 24. As a B.Sc Zoology graduate, you may be eligible for various government jobs in India. Some of the government job options for BSc Zoology graduates include: Wildlife Inspector: You can apply for the post of Wildlife Inspector in various government agencies, such as the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, Forest Department, and the Central Zoo Authority. Fishery Officer: You can apply for the post of Fishery Officer in various government departments such as the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Development. Forest Officer: You can apply for the post of Forest Officer in various government departments such as the Forest Department, Indian Forest Service, and Wildlife Conservation Society.
- 25. Zookeeper: You can apply for the post of Zookeeper in various zoos across the country, including the National Zoological Park, Delhi and the Mysore Zoo. Research Assistant: You can work as a Research Assistant in various government-funded research projects in the field of Zoology, such as the Zoological Survey of India and the Central Institute of Fisheries Education. These are just a few examples of the many job opportunities available to B.Sc Zoology graduates in the Indian government sector. You may want to explore these options further and find the one that best suits your interests and skills.
- 26. There are several private industry job opportunities available for individuals with a B.Sc in Zoology. Some of these options include: Wildlife Biologist: This job involves studying animal behavior and populations in the wild, and providing recommendations for wildlife management and conservation. Wildlife biologists may work for government agencies, non-profit organizations, or private consulting firms. Zookeeper: Zoos and aquariums often hire individuals with a degree in zoology to care for animals and educate the public about them. Zookeepers may be responsible for feeding animals, cleaning enclosures, and providing enrichment activities. Biotech Researcher: Biotechnology firms may hire zoology graduates to work in research and development, specifically in areas related to animal genetics, cloning, and drug development.
- 27. Animal Behaviorist: This job involves studying animal behavior in various settings, such as in the wild, in captivity, or in laboratory settings. Animal behaviorists may work for universities, zoos, or private consulting firms. Environmental Consultant: Environmental consulting firms may hire zoology graduates to work on projects related to habitat restoration, species monitoring and environmental impact assessments. These are just a few examples of the many job opportunities available to individuals with a B.Sc in Zoology. It is important to research and explore different career paths to find one that aligns with your interests and skills.
- 28. 26 Best Universities for Zoology in India University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Indian Institute of Science University of Lucknow Banaras Hindu University University of Delhi Forest Research Institute Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Annamalai University Punjabi University Patiala Aligarh Muslim University North Eastern Hill University University of Kerala Andhra University University of Calcutta University of Mysore University of Calicut
- 29. University of Burdwan University of Kalyani Madurai Kamaraj University Bangalore University Panjab University Indian Agricultural Research Institute University of Madras U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary University Central Institute of Fisheries Education University of Allahabad
- 30. Animal Classification Zoologists classify animals based on their characteristics. The classification system includes seven levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. The most common classification system is based on the Linnaean system, which is named after the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus
- 31. Carolus Linnaeus, also called Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Carl von Linné, (born May 23, 1707, Råshult, Småland, Sweden-died January 10, 1778, Uppsala), Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them (binomial nomenclature).
- 32. Classification of animals Animals can be classified in various ways depending on the criteria used. One of the most common classification systems is the taxonomic classification system, which groups animals based on their evolutionary history and physical characteristics. The taxonomic classification system groups animals into the following hierarchical categories, from the most general to the most specific: Kingdom: The highest level of classification, which includes all living organisms. Animals belong to the Kingdom Animalia. Phylum: The second level of classification, which groups animals based on their general body plan. There are over 30 animal phyla, but the most common ones are Chordata, Arthropoda and Mollusca. Class: The third level of classification, which groups animals based on their specific characteristics. For example, mammals belong to the class Mammalia, while birds belong to the class Aves.
- 33. Order: The fourth level of classification, which groups animals based on their characteristics and behavior. For example, primates belong to the order Primates, while carnivores belong to the order Carnivora. Family: The fifth level of classification, which groups animals based on their genetic relationships. For example, cats belong to the family Felidae, while dogs belong to the family Canidae. Genus: The sixth level of classification, which groups animals based on their evolutionary history and physical characteristics. For example, the genus Panthera includes lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. Species: The most specific level of classification, which groups animals based on their genetic similarity and ability to interbreed. For example, the species Panthera leo includes all lion populations.
- 34. The Animal Kingdom, also known as Kingdom Animalia, is a vast and diverse group of living organisms that includes animals ranging from tiny, single-celled creatures to the largest animals on Earth. There are several different classification systems used to categorize animals within the Animal Kingdom. One of the most widely accepted classification systems is as follows: Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) Phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, octopuses) Phylum Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers) Phylum Chordata (vertebrates and their close relatives) Classification of Animal Kingdom
- 35. Within the Phylum Chordata, there are several subphyla, including: Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates) Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates) The Subphylum Vertebrata is further divided into several classes, including: Class Agnatha (jawless fish) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Class Osteichthyes (bony fish) Class Amphibia (amphibians) Class Reptilia (reptiles) Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia (mammals) Each of these classes contains many different orders, families, genera, and species, making the Animal Kingdom one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth.
- 36. Animal Anatomy The anatomy of animals is essential for understanding how they function. Zoologists study the internal and external structure of animals, including their organs, bones, muscles, and tissues. The study of animal anatomy is critical for understanding how animals move, breath and reproduce
- 37. Herophilus, also known as “The Father of Anatomy”, was born in 335 BCE. in the town of Chalcedon, Asia Minor, and is believed to have lived until 255 BCE.
- 38. Definition Anatomy : The study of the structure of the animal body and the relationships of its many parts. “ana” “tome” “ana” – again or go back “tome” – to cut “cut again” or “go back and cut” Physiology : The study of the functions of living things. Mechanical, physical or biochemical
- 39. Field of anatomy Gross anatomy (Gross: large) Deals with the structure of the body that are visible to the naked eye such as muscles, bones, digestive organs and skin Microscopy anatomy (Micro: small) Use of microscopes to examine the smallest structures of the body such as tissues, cells and molecules Cytology : Study of cells Histology : Study of cells Sub divided Developmental anatomy Study of the structural changes right from the fertilization to the maturity stage Applied anatomy Application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment
- 40. The anatomical structure of animals can be divided into internal and external structures. External structure: The external structure of an animal includes all of its visible physical features, such as its body shape, size, color, and texture. It also includes its appendages, such as legs, arms, wings, and tails. In addition, the external structure of an animal can also include features such as scales, fur, feathers and skin. Internal structure: The internal structure of an animal includes all of its physical features that are not visible from the outside. These features include the animal's organs, bones, muscles and nervous system. The internal structure of an animal can vary greatly depending on the species. For example, some animals have complex digestive systems with multiple stomachs, while others have simple digestive systems. Similarly, some animals have complex respiratory systems with lungs, while others have gills or rely on simple diffusion for gas exchange. Anatomical structure of animals
- 41. The internal structure of an animal also includes its reproductive system, which can be either internal or external, and its circulatory system, which is responsible for transporting blood and nutrients throughout the body. Animals come in many shapes and sizes, but they all share some common features in their internal and external anatomy. Here are some examples of animal structures: Skeletal system: Many animals have an internal framework of bones or cartilage that provides support and protection. Examples include the human skeleton, the bird's beak, and the shark's cartilaginous skeleton. Muscular system: Animals have muscles that allow them to move and perform other functions. Examples include the human biceps, the cheetah's powerful legs, and the butterfly's wings. Digestive system: Animals have a digestive system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. Examples include the human stomach, the cow's four-chambered stomach, and the bird's crop.
- 42. Respiratory system: Animals need oxygen to survive, and many have specialized respiratory structures to take in air. Examples include the human lungs, the fish's gills, and the insect's tracheal system. Circulatory system: Animals have a circulatory system that pumps blood throughout the body. Examples include the human heart, the octopus's three hearts, and the insect's open circulatory system. Nervous system: Animals have a nervous system that allows them to sense their environment, make decisions, and communicate. Examples include the human brain, the octopus's distributed nervous system, and the bee's simple nervous system. Reproductive system: Animals have a reproductive system that allows them to reproduce and pass on their genes. Examples include the human reproductive system, the bird's cloaca, and the fish's external fertilization. These are just a few examples of the many structures that animals possess, and there is a great deal of variation within and between animal groups.
- 43. The excretory system of animals is responsible for the elimination of waste products from the body. This system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in mammals, and analogous organs in other animal groups. The internal and external anatomy of the excretory system can vary greatly depending on the animal species. Internal Structure The kidneys are the primary organs of the excretory system, responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. They are located in the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine. Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is responsible for filtering the blood and reabsorbing essential nutrients and ions. The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body via the urethra. External Structure The external anatomy of the excretory system can also vary depending on the animal species. In mammals, the urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
- 44. In males, the urethra also serves as a passageway for semen during sexual reproduction. In birds, the excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, and cloaca, which is a common chamber for the excretion of urine, feces, and reproductive products. In reptiles, amphibians, and some fish, excretion occurs through specialized structures called cloacal glands, which secrete waste products directly into the cloaca. Overall, the internal and external anatomy of the excretory system reflects the diverse evolutionary adaptations of different animal groups to the challenges of waste elimination.
- 45. Animals and human beings share many anatomical structures, but there are also some notable differences. Here are a few examples: Skeletal structure: While animals and humans both have a skeletal system made up of bones, the structure and arrangement of these bones can differ between species. For example, many animals have more vertebrae in their spine than humans do, and some animals, like birds, have lightweight, hollow bones for flight. Muscles: Humans and animals both have muscles that allow them to move, but the size and strength of these muscles can vary. For instance, some animals like elephants have extremely strong muscles to support their massive bodies, while humans have developed fine motor control of their muscles for complex tasks like writing or playing an instrument.
- 46. Organs: The organs of animals and humans share many similarities in function and structure, but there are also some differences. For example, some animals have multiple stomachs for digesting tough plant material, while humans have a single stomach. Additionally, the size and shape of organs like the heart or lungs can differ between species. Reproductive organs: Male and female reproductive organs can vary greatly between different animal species. For example, male birds have a cloaca that serves as both their reproductive and excretory system, while male humans have a penis. Similarly, female mammals have a uterus for gestating offspring, while female birds have a cloaca that is used for both reproduction and excretion. These are just a few examples of the many differences in anatomical structures between animals and humans. While there are certainly similarities, each species has evolved unique adaptations to suit their specific environments and lifestyles.
- 47. Animal Behavior Animal behavior is an essential aspect of zoology. Zoologists study animal behavior to understand how animals interact with their environment and each other. They investigate animal communication, mating habits, and social interactions. Understanding animal behavior helps zoologists to protect endangered species and manage animal populations
- 48. Lorenz is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior. He is best known for his research of the principle of attachment, or imprinting, through which in some species a bond is formed between a newborn animal and its caregiver.
- 49. Animal behavior refers to the way in which animals act and interact with their environment and other organisms. This includes everything from basic survival behaviors such as hunting and foraging, to complex social behaviors like communication, mating, and territoriality. Animal behavior can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and learning. Studies of animal behavior can provide insight into evolutionary processes, as well as help us better understand and manage animal populations. Animal behavior research also has practical applications in fields such as animal husbandry, conservation biology, and animal training.
- 50. Some common areas of study in animal behavior include: Behavioral ecology: The study of how animals behave in their natural environments, and how behavior is influenced by factors such as competition, predation, and resource availability. Ethology: The study of animal behavior, particularly in natural settings, with an emphasis on the evolution and development of behavior. Comparative psychology: The study of behavior in different species, with an emphasis on similarities and differences in behavior across different groups of animals. Animal cognition: The study of mental processes and abilities in animals, including perception, learning, memory, and decision-making. Animal communication: The study of how animals use signals such as vocalizations, body language, and chemical signals to communicate with each other.
- 51. Types of animal behavior There are several types of animal behavior, some of which are: Instinctive behavior: This type of behavior is innate and doesn't require learning. Examples of instinctive behavior include bird migration, nest- building in birds, and salmon swimming upstream to spawn. Learned behavior: This type of behavior is acquired through experience and can be modified by learning. Examples of learned behavior include dogs learning tricks, chimpanzees using tools to gather food, and birds learning to recognize their own offspring. Aggressive behavior: This type of behavior is characterized by a threat or attack towards another animal. Examples of aggressive behavior include dogs growling or barking at intruders, cats hissing or swatting at other cats, and male lions fighting for dominance.
- 52. Territorial behavior: This type of behavior involves animals defending a specific area, such as a nest or a feeding ground, from other animals. Examples of territorial behavior include birds singing to establish their territory, wolves marking their territory with scent, and squirrels defending their feeding area from other squirrels. Courtship behavior: This type of behavior involves actions that animals undertake to attract a mate. Examples of courtship behavior include peacocks displaying their feathers, birds performing a mating dance, and male gorillas beating their chests to show dominance. Social behavior: This type of behavior involves animals living in groups and interacting with each other. Examples of social behavior include meerkats working together to hunt for food, elephants forming close bonds with family members, and bees working together to build a hive and collect food.
- 53. Animal behavior can be classified in various ways depending on the context, but one commonly used classification scheme is based on the following categories: Innate behavior: This refers to behavior that is genetically programmed and does not require any learning. Examples include reflexes, fixed action patterns, and instincts. Learned behavior: This refers to behavior that is acquired through experience or observation. Examples include operant and classical conditioning, habituation, and imprinting. Social behavior: This refers to behavior that occurs in the context of social interactions and can include communication, aggression, cooperation, and parental care. Communication behavior: This refers to the exchange of information between animals, often through visual, auditory, or chemical signals.
- 54. Agonistic behavior: This refers to behavior that is associated with conflict or competition, such as fighting or territorial defense. Courtship behavior: This refers to behavior that is involved in the process of attracting and selecting a mate, including displays, rituals, and vocalizations. Reproductive behavior: This refers to behavior that is involved in the process of reproduction, such as mating, nesting, and caring for young. Migration behavior: This refers to behavior that involves the movement of animals from one location to another in response to environmental cues, such as seasonal changes or availability of food. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and animal behavior can often be classified under multiple categories depending on the context.
- 55. Animal Ecology Ecology is the study of the interaction between animals and their environment. Zoologists investigate how animals interact with their environment, including other animals, plants, and natural resources. They study the impact of human activities on animal populations and work to protect endangered species.
- 56. Humboldt is often considered as father of ecology. He was the first to take on the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
- 57. Animal ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between animals and their environment, including the interactions among animals, and between animals and their physical and biological environment. This field of study is concerned with understanding the behavior, distribution, abundance, and evolution of animal populations in different habitats, as well as their interactions with other organisms and the ecosystem as a whole. Animal ecologists use a variety of techniques to study animals in their natural habitats, including observational studies, field experiments, and laboratory experiments. They also use tools such as satellite tracking, remote sensing, and genetic analysis to better understand the movement, behavior, and genetic diversity of animal populations. Some of the key areas of research within animal ecology include animal behavior, population dynamics, community ecology, conservation biology, and ecosystem ecology. By studying these topics, animal ecologists can gain insight into how animals interact with each other and with their environment, and how they adapt to changes in their habitat or in the wider ecosystem.
- 58. Animal ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between animals and their environment. It encompasses a wide range of fields, including behavioral ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology. Here are some types of animal ecology with examples: Behavioral Ecology: This field focuses on the study of how an animal's behavior is influenced by its environment and how it influences the environment in return. Examples include: Migration behavior of birds Foraging behavior of predators Territorial behavior of animals Population Ecology: This field focuses on the study of the dynamics of animal populations, including their growth, reproduction, and interactions with other populations. Examples include: The population growth of deer in a forest The impact of hunting on the population of elephants The effect of climate change on the population of polar bears
- 59. Community Ecology: This field focuses on the study of how different species interact with each other in a given ecosystem. Examples include: The relationship between predator and prey in a savannah ecosystem. The competition between different species of plants in a rainforest. The mutualistic relationship between bees and flowers. Ecosystem Ecology: This field focuses on the study of how energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems and how they are transformed by living and non-living components. Examples include: The carbon cycle in a marine ecosystem. The nitrogen cycle in a grassland ecosystem. The impact of deforestation on the water cycle in a tropical ecosystem. These are just a few examples of the different types of animal ecology and there are many more subfields and areas of study within this broad and fascinating discipline.
- 60. Animal Evolution Evolution is the process by which species change over time. Zoologists study the evolution of animals and how they have adapted to their environment over time. They also study the origin of new species and the relationship between different animal groups.
- 61. Charles Darwin is well known for his theory of Natural Selection, which has been the most widely accepted Theory of Evolution. He wrote the book “The Origin of Species” in which he describes his observations on natural selection. It is because of his pioneering contribution in this field that he is known as the Father of Evolution.
- 62. Animal evolution is the process by which animals change over time through genetic variation and natural selection. The study of animal evolution involves understanding the origin of different animal species, as well as how they have adapted to changing environments over millions of years. The first animals are believed to have evolved from single-celled organisms around 600 million years ago during the Cambrian period. From there, animal evolution has led to a diverse range of species, from the smallest insects to the largest mammals. The process of animal evolution involves various mechanisms, such as genetic mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutations are changes in DNA that occur randomly, and some of them may lead to advantageous traits that increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. Over time, these advantageous traits become more prevalent in the population through natural selection, while less advantageous traits become less common.
- 63. The study of animal evolution also involves understanding the relationships between different animal species. Scientists use techniques such as comparative anatomy, DNA sequencing, and fossil analysis to determine how different species are related and how they evolved over time. Overall, the study of animal evolution provides important insights into the history of life on Earth and how organisms have adapted to changing environments over millions of years. There are several types of animal evolution, including: Divergent evolution: This occurs when two or more species evolve from a common ancestor and become increasingly different over time. For example, the evolution of the Galapagos finches, which adapted to different environments on different islands and developed different beak shapes and sizes.
- 64. Convergent evolution: This occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits as a result of living in similar environments. For example, the wings of birds and bats both evolved for flight, even though they have different bone structures. Coevolution: This occurs when two or more species evolve together as a result of their interactions with each other. For example, the evolution of flowers and their pollinators, such as bees and butterflies, which have coevolved to benefit each other. Parallel evolution: This occurs when two or more related species evolve similar traits independently. For example, the development of similar body shapes and swimming abilities in dolphins and ichthyosaurs. Adaptive radiation: This occurs when a single species evolves into many different species to fill different ecological niches. For example, the evolution of the different beak shapes and sizes in Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands.
- 65. Animal evolution, the process by which species of animals change over time, has numerous applications in various fields. Here are some examples: Understanding biodiversity: Animal evolution helps us understand the diversity of life on earth, including the evolutionary history of different species and the relationships among them. Conservation: The study of animal evolution is important in conservation biology because it can provide insights into the evolutionary processes that shape populations and species, as well as the threats they face from human activities. Biomedical research: Animal evolution can be used in biomedical research to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and disorders. Anthropology: Animal evolution can provide insights into human evolution and the relationships between humans and other animals, such as the evolution of our close primate relatives.
- 66. Forensic science: The study of animal evolution can be applied in forensic science to help identify the origin of animal remains found at crime scenes, or to trace the movement of animals in the wild. Bioprospecting: Animal evolution has produced a wide range of chemical compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, venom from snakes, spiders, and scorpions contains molecules that can be used as painkillers, anti-coagulants, and anti-cancer drugs. Similarly, some marine organisms produce compounds with anti- inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties. Biomimicry: By studying the design principles and structures of animals, biotechnologists can develop new materials, devices, and processes. For instance, the shape and texture of shark skin have inspired the development of anti-fouling coatings for ships and medical devices that reduce bacterial infections. Also, the wings of birds and insects have inspired the design of aerodynamic vehicles and wind turbines.
- 67. Genetic engineering: Understanding the genetic basis of animal traits can enable researchers to modify or replicate those traits in other organisms. For example, the bioluminescence of fireflies and certain jellyfish can be transferred to bacteria and plants for use as biological sensors and indicators. Phylogenetics: Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships among different species. By analyzing DNA sequences, bioinformaticians can construct phylogenetic trees, which show the relationships between different species. These trees are essential in understanding how species evolved and how they are related to one another. Comparative genomics: Comparative genomics is the study of the differences and similarities in the genomes of different species. By comparing the genomes of different animals, bioinformaticians can identify genetic changes that have occurred over time, which can help us understand the evolution of various traits and functions.
- 68. Functional genomics: Functional genomics is the study of the function of genes and their products. By comparing the genomes of different animals, bioinformaticians can identify genes that are conserved across species and determine their functions. This can help us understand how different animals have evolved to perform similar functions. Population genetics: Population genetics is the study of the genetic variation within and between populations. By analyzing the genetic variation in different animal populations, bioinformaticians can infer the history of their evolution, including migration patterns, genetic drift, and natural selection. Evolutionary genomics: Evolutionary genomics is the study of how genes and genomes have evolved over time. By comparing the genomes of different animals, bioinformaticians can identify genetic changes that have occurred during evolution and study their effects on gene expression, protein function, and organismal development.
- 69. Biomechanics: Animal evolution has produced a variety of unique and complex structures, such as wings, fins, and limbs, which have led to a better understanding of biomechanics. By studying the biomechanics of animal locomotion and movement, scientists have developed a deeper understanding of the physics of movement and the forces involved, which has been applied to fields such as robotics, aerospace engineering, and sports science. Structural biology: The evolution of proteins and enzymes has been crucial to the development of modern biophysics. The study of protein structure and function has allowed scientists to understand how biological molecules interact and how they can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes. The structure of proteins is often highly conserved across different species, and by comparing protein structures across species, researchers can gain insights into the evolution of protein function and the molecular basis of disease.
- 70. Molecular evolution: By studying the genetic differences between species, scientists can gain insights into the mechanisms of evolution and the forces that drive it. Molecular evolution has been applied to biophysics in areas such as protein design and drug discovery, where it has been used to create novel enzymes and drugs with improved efficacy and specificity. Neuroscience: The evolution of the nervous system has been critical to the development of modern neuroscience. By studying the neural structures and functions of different animal species, scientists have gained insights into the workings of the human brain and the mechanisms of behavior. This has led to new treatments for neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.
- 71. Some useful links for Zoology students Zoological Survey of India: http://zsi.gov.in/ National Geographic - Animals: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/ The Zoological Society of London: https://www.zsl.org/ The American Society of Mammalogists: https://www.mammalsociety.org/ The Society for Conservation Biology: https://conbio.org/ The Marine Biological Association of the UK: https://www.mba.ac.uk/ The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology: https://www.sicb.org/ The Animal Behavior Society: https://www.animalbehaviorsociety.org/ The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA): https://www.rspca.org.uk/ The Wildlife Conservation Society: https://www.wcs.org/
- 72. Some useful websites for zoology students Animal Diversity Web: https://animaldiversity.org/ The National Center for Biotechnology Information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ The Tree of Life Web Project: https://tolweb.org/tree/ Zoological Society of London: https://www.zsl.org/ The American Society of Mammalogists: https://www.mammalsociety.org/ The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology: https://www.sicb.org/ The International Union for Conservation of Nature: https://www.iucn.org/ The British Ecological Society: https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/ The Entomological Society of America: https://www.entsoc.org/ The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: https://ssarherps.org/
- 73. Free software programs that may be useful for zoology students. Here are some suggestions R: R is a free statistical software program that is widely used in the field of zoology for data analysis and visualization. It can be used for various types of statistical analysis, from basic descriptive statistics to advanced modeling and simulation. ImageJ: ImageJ is a free image processing software that can be used for analyzing and manipulating images of biological samples. It is particularly useful for analyzing micrographs and histological images. Audacity: Audacity is a free and open-source audio editing software that can be used for analyzing and manipulating animal sounds, such as bird songs and animal vocalizations. QGIS: QGIS is a free and open-source geographic information system (GIS) software that can be used for mapping and spatial analysis in zoology research. It can be used to create maps of animal distributions and habitats, and to analyze spatial patterns in animal behavior.
- 74. BioEdit: BioEdit is a free biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program that is widely used in zoology research for molecular biology and genetics studies. It can be used for DNA and protein sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Tracer: Tracer is a free program for analyzing and visualizing Bayesian MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) output. It is particularly useful for phylogenetic analysis and molecular clock calibration. BLAST: BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a free and widely used bioinformatics software program that can be used for sequence similarity searches, such as comparing DNA sequences of different species or identifying homologous genes. Primer3: Primer3 is a free program for designing PCR primers, which are used for amplifying specific DNA sequences in molecular biology research. It can be used to design primers for PCR amplification, sequencing, and genotyping.
- 75. Conclusion Zoology is a fascinating subject that covers a vast range of topics. It is the study of the animal kingdom and all its wonders. Whether you're interested in animal behavior, anatomy, ecology, or evolution, zoology has something for everyone. We hope this beginner's guide has given you a glimpse into the world of zoology and inspired you to learn more about the animal kingdom.
- 78. https://a-z-animals.com/reference/animal-classification/ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classification-of-animals/ Faries Jr, F. C. Veterinary Science. https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/carl-linnaeus-gm169969220-20853219 https://www.bibalex.org/SCIplanet/en/Article/Details.aspx?id=10296 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#:~:text=Ethology,- Further%20information%3A%20Imprinting&text=Lorenz%20is%20recog nized%20as%20one,newborn%20animal%20and%20its%20caregiver. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-von-Humboldt https://edurank.org/biology/zoology/in/
- 79. THANK YOU