WO2008000062A1 - Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance - Google Patents
Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008000062A1 WO2008000062A1 PCT/CA2007/001060 CA2007001060W WO2008000062A1 WO 2008000062 A1 WO2008000062 A1 WO 2008000062A1 CA 2007001060 W CA2007001060 W CA 2007001060W WO 2008000062 A1 WO2008000062 A1 WO 2008000062A1
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- mass
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/008—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for characterised by the actuating element
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64G—COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64G1/00—Cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/22—Parts of, or equipment specially adapted for fitting in or to, cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/40—Arrangements or adaptations of propulsion systems
- B64G1/409—Unconventional spacecraft propulsion systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64G—COSMONAUTICS; VEHICLES OR EQUIPMENT THEREFOR
- B64G1/00—Cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/22—Parts of, or equipment specially adapted for fitting in or to, cosmonautic vehicles
- B64G1/40—Arrangements or adaptations of propulsion systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G3/00—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G3/00—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors
- F03G3/097—Motors specially adapted for creating a reciprocating movement, e.g. by rotating eccentric masses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H—PRODUCING A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03H99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
Definitions
- AC sinusoidal
- Woodward chose capacitors with a lightweight, but rigid, dielectric material having a density of 3000 kg/m 3 .
- Woodward Il and Woodward III taught that the capacitors must have a material core.
- Woodward stated that, in his device, the back-and forth accelerations by the piezoelectric actuator occurred within a few angstroms. Given how small this distance is, even a small amount of elasticity in the dielectric, or a small gap between the dielectric and capacitor housing, could seriously affect the transmission of forces to the casing.
- Woodward's belief that a material core was necessary suggests that he understands the inertial mass change effect as taking place within the mass-material contained within the potential field that encompasses the dielectric. Not only would a material core be necessary, on this understanding, for a mass change to take place, but the material of the core would need to be suitably rigid in order to transmit any forces that arise due to acceleration, first to the housing of the capacitor, and thence to the mechanism.
- a device for inducing inertial mass change in an object comprising a mass change object comprising an object for inducing an inertial mass change therein, comprising a mass change region configured to have time- varying power, having a non-zero time rate of change, located thereat, wherein a vacuum is located at said region, may be included in a device for inducing inertial mass change in an object, the device further including a power source configured to produce time-varying power having a nonzero time rate of change, the source and the mass change object being configured to locate said time-varying power at the mass change region of the mass change object to change the inertial mass of the mass change object.
- the mass decrease waveform is generally elliptical and comprises four sections, the four sections comprising: section A, comprising the section of the mass-decrease waveform where t is less than t 0 and V is greater than zero volts; section B, comprising the section of the mass decrease waveform where t is greater than ⁇ and V is greater than zero volts; section C, comprising the section of the mass-decrease waveform where t is greater than t 0 and V is less than zero volts; and section D, comprising the section of the mass-decrease waveform where t is less than t 0 and V is less than zero volts.
- the time rate of change of the power of the mass- increasing waveform and/or the mass-decreasing waveform is generally constant as a function of time.
- the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device and wherein the power source comprises an electrical power source.
- the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device selected from the group of capacitor, inductor and transformer.
- the mass change object comprises a capacitor, and wherein the mass-increasing waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform.
- FIG. 1 shows curves resulting from the application of a sinusoidal AC voltage waveform to a capacitive circuit
- FIG. 2 shows curves resulting from the application of a sawtooth waveform to a capacitive circuit
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a linear reactionless thrust device
- FIG. 7 schematically shows a rotary reactionless thrust device
- FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate two versions of a method and apparatus to generate thrust by varying the inertial mass of a mass change object.
- the apparatus comprises: a mass change object 30 (e.g. a capacitor, inductor or transformer) preferably having a vacuum core; a waveform generator 60 comprising a means to generate arbitrary waveforms or a device to play back recorded or stored waveforms of the desired shape; an amplifier 50 to increase the voltage of these waveforms to desired levels; an actuator 25 (linear in FIG. 6, rotary in FIG.
- a mass change object 30 e.g. a capacitor, inductor or transformer
- a waveform generator 60 comprising a means to generate arbitrary waveforms or a device to play back recorded or stored waveforms of the desired shape
- an amplifier 50 to increase the voltage of these waveforms to desired levels
- an actuator 25 linear in FIG. 6, rotary in FIG.
- the invention also comprehends the use of non-electrical mass change objects.
- ⁇ m ⁇ ( ⁇ /[4 ⁇ Gp o c 4 ])( ⁇ P/ ⁇ t)( ⁇ P/ ⁇ t)( ⁇ P/ ⁇ t)( ⁇ P/ ⁇ t) a mass change can be induced in any object having a ⁇ P/ ⁇ t within it. That ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is not necessarily limited to electrical power.
- a closed-off waveguide may have within its chamber a ⁇ P/ ⁇ t as a result of injected microwaves.
- Magnetic power may vary with time within a mass change object, as may other types of power, including but not limited to electromagnetic power comprising an emission on the electromagnetic spectrum.
- the invention comprehends the use of any type of time-varying power.
- time-varying- power object means an object which may have a change of power with time. It will be appreciated that the invention comprehends the use of any time-varying-power object, having a non-zero time rate of change located at a mass change region 32 associated with the object 30, as the mass change object 30. It will further be appreciated that electrical devices, such as capacitors, inductors and transformers, are preferred time- varying-power objects because it is practical and relatively convenient to deliver time-varying electrical power to them, and because appropriately configured devices of these types are commercially available in useful quantities.
- the mass change region 32 in a capacitor comprises the region, between the two plates or conductors 33 that form the capacitor (see FIG.12).
- the mass change region 32 comprises the space inside the cylinder.
- the mass change region 32 comprises the space within the closed-off waveguide where the time-varying microwave power is located.
- the input voltage or current waveform will take a different form in a capacitor than in an inductor for any particular ⁇ P/ ⁇ t.
- a generator 60 may be combined with an amplifier 50 to generate sufficiently high- output voltages and currents as required for the particular application.
- the invention comprehends the use of other components to serve this function.
- the amplifier 50 is capable of faithfully amplifying the waveforms to the necessary voltage, which may exceed 30,000 volts.
- multiple channels of amplification may be desired. Such amplification may be accomplished by use of high-voltage tubes, or by use of power resistors and cascade diode networks or other known methods.
- the actuator 25 may be, but is not limited to, one of the following: a linear electric motor with servo feedback capability; a linear motion device wherein the motion of a rotary electrical servo motor is converted to linear motion by means such as a belt, chain, cable, lead screw or ball screw; pneumatic or hydraulic linear or rotary motion devices with servo feedback and controller.
- the motion profiles may be generated by mechanical cams or rod linkages, or electrical servo feedback means with a suitable controller, or by other means. In some cases, it may be possible to generate useful and close approximations of the desired motion without the use of a servo feedback mechanism.
- the apparatus also preferably includes a structural means to mount one or more mass change objects 30 to the actuator 25 in a rigid manner.
- the structural means preferably takes the form of one or more spokes or arms 15 rigidly connected to the hub 43.
- a mass change object 30 is mounted near the end of each arm 15 using, if required, an insulator as described above.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a rotary system embodying this principle.
- Electric motor 25 is controlled by controller 80.
- Electric motor 25 drives hub 43 to rotate arms 15 onto which are mounted mass change objects 30 in the form of capacitors.
- Signal generator 60 creates a signal which is amplified by amplifier 50 and fed to the capacitors on arms 15 via lead 70 which utilizes slip ring 45.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a linear device by which controlled acceleration effects may be generated synchronized with mass change effects.
- Low- friction lead screw 12 is driven by servomotor 25 controlled by controller 80.
- Mass change object 30, taking the form of a capacitor, is mounted to a moving slide 40 with a built-in nut driven by the lead screw 12.
- the screw 12 thus acts as a track along which the object 30 moves, and also as part of the accelerator that accelerates the object 30 linearly.
- Programmable signal generator 60 generates a signal which is amplified by amplifier 50 and connected to capacitor 30 by flexible lead 70.
- the relevant density is not the density of the entire capacitor including the housing, but rather that of the dielectric (i.e. insulator between the plates). Since p 0 is in the denominator of the expression for calculating mass change, a smaller value of p 0 will give improved results, in the form of a higher-magnitude mass change.
- the density of the dielectric material may be regarded as a retarding factor influencing electrically induced inertial mass changes. Woodward chose capacitors with a lightweight, but rigid, dielectric material, and U.S. patent nos. 6,098,924 and 6,347,766 taught that the capacitors must have a material core.
- E 0 p o c 2
- E 0 is the energy density resulting from the full matter-to-energy conversion of the matter left in the capacitor's vacuum core when the imperfect vacuum is manufactured. Since E 0 , is a constant, for a given energy flux through the capacitor, there is a tremendous improvement in the change in mass possible with a vacuum core capacitor as compared to a material core.
- the modified mass change equation, when E 0 , / c 2 is substituted for p 0 becomes the following.
- E 0 is an arbitrarily small value, in the sense that it can be made smaller by improving the vacuum in the capacitor - the better the vacuum, the smaller the E 0 ,. E 0 , is in the denominator of the above equation, and therefore, the smaller it is, the larger ⁇ m will be. This substitution also results in the c 4 in the denominator of the previous form of the equation becoming c 2 .
- Woodward's device which has a material dielectric
- the forces would not have been effectively transmitted to the casing. This is because the movement in each direction before a reversal was so short that it the only effect of the movement might have been compression or shifting of the dielectric - by the time force could have begun to be transmitted to the structure of the capacitor, the motion was reversed, causing the dielectric to shift and/or compress in the other direction.
- this potential difficulty may be overcome in at least one of the following ways.
- the distance moved by the mass change object during each acceleration cycle is a reasonable percentage of the size of the capacitor.
- the distance moved is preferably at least 5% of the length of the capacitor, and most preferably at least as great as the length of the capacitor.
- the rotary device described herein has this benefit, because the mass change object moves in one direction around the hub, rather than reversing direction periodically, as in the linear device.
- Electrical devices with non-solid cores to which time-varying power fluxes can be applied, are commercially available.
- vacuum capacitors with a vacuum rated at 1 x 10 "7 torr are commercially available and typically used for high-power broadcast purposes.
- air core inductors and transformers are commercially available.
- a reactionless thrust device would best operate by accelerating the mass change object differently, depending on the mass of the object at a particular time.
- the direction and/or magnitude of the acceleration of the mass change object 30 would be different when the mass of the mass change object 30 has increased than it would when the mass of the mass change object 30 has decreased.
- the use of a selected acceleration profile in association with a particular mass change profile results in the desired net thrust in a desired direction. Detailed examples of how acceleration and mass change profiles are matched are given below.
- the mass-increasing and mass-decreasing waveforms create generally constant mass change effects of the desired type (i.e. constant positive ⁇ m or constant negative ⁇ m).
- a waveform maximizes mass change effectiveness because the ability to create thrust is related to the magnitude of the mass change, spread over the time that the mass change takes place.
- the mass change will be generally constant from t., to t 2 . If the mass change is not constant, then maximum mass change will not be available throughout the time period between t 1 and t 2 to generate thrust, and this is less preferred.
- the invention comprehends input waveforms that are not constant. Though much less preferred, any mass increasing and mass decreasing waveforms that are different functions of time are comprehended by the invention. Thus, for example, input waveforms that produce linearly varying, but not constant, mass changes can be used, and such waveforms would simplify design calculations as compared to a sinusoidal input, since dm/dt would be constant over the period of the mass change. Nevertheless, what is most preferred is the use of a mass-increasing waveform producing constant, positive mass change and a mass-decreasing waveform producing constant, negative mass change.
- V(t) ⁇ (l/C)[C(2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + ( ⁇ P/ ⁇ t)t 2 )] 1 ' 2
- t time
- t 0 is an initial time
- V 0 is an integration constant representing an initial voltage
- P 0 is an integration constant representing an initial power
- C is the capacitance of the capacitor
- ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is the time rate of change of the power of the mass-decreasing waveform.
- ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is the desired constant value.
- This mass-increasing voltage waveform for a capacitor is shown in FIG. 2, and comprises a sawtooth waveform.
- the line may be rising or falling.
- This waveform slopes upward linearly from a base voltage, reaches a peak, and then may slope downward linearly (with the same magnitude of slope as the upward section) until it reaches the base voltage.
- This cycle can repeat indefinitely.
- the current I is constant in magnitude but reverses direction periodically, as shown in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 2 also shows that the resulting power curve is an upward sloping line with periodic discontinuities.
- the change in power with time, ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is equal to the slope of the power line, and is by inspection constant and positive.
- the power reaches its maximum at the left side of each discontinuity and is at its minimum on the right.
- the drop in power across the discontinuity implies a large negative excursion of ⁇ P/ ⁇ t.
- ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is constant and positive.
- the driving amplifier would not be able to instantly switch from negative to positive current, as is required to produce the sawtooth voltage input waveform shown in FIG. 2.
- the practical result is that such a man-made amplifier would produce a small curve at the peak of the voltage.
- the result, as shown in FIG. 3 is that there are large negative values to ⁇ P/ ⁇ t (and the concurrent inertial mass change) at the discontinuities. Failure to manage these effects can potentially result in equipment damage, depending on the application. It is also important to note that the total power will sum to zero over time, which can be seen by comparing the positive and negative areas under the ⁇ P/ ⁇ t curve.
- the limiting amplitude, starting voltage V 0 of a waveform segment, initial power level P 0 , initial time t 0 and desired ⁇ P/ ⁇ t can be configured to create the desired waveform segment. Waveform segments may be stitched together to generate a desired effect. In order to avoid undesired ⁇ P/ ⁇ t excursions at discontinuities in the voltage waveforms, the voltage curves can be designed to join and be tangent, so that a smooth continuous ⁇ V/ ⁇ t results.
- this variable may theoretically be set at any desired value. Then, using equations, valid for the particular mass change object being used, that relate ⁇ P/ ⁇ t to the variable that drives an input waveform, the specific configuration of that waveform can be determined. In the specific case of the capacitor described about, ⁇ P/ ⁇ t is most preferably set to be a constant, either positive or negative for mass increase or decrease. The equations relating power and voltage are then used to determine the mass-increasing and mass-decreasing input voltage waveforms. As noted, the designer may then configure the initial conditions (e.g. t 0 , V 0 , P 0 ) to produce the necessary waveforms.
- the initial conditions e.g. t 0 , V 0 , P 0
- ⁇ P/ ⁇ t there is no limit on the magnitude of the constant ⁇ P/ ⁇ t that can be chosen by the designer.
- a ⁇ P/ ⁇ t should preferably be chosen which accounts for real-world limitations. Such limitations include the ability for amplifiers or other power sources to faithfully produce and amplify complex waveforms, and the ability of motion equipment associated with the mass change object to switch at high speed.
- Other important practical limitations to consider include limitations on the equipment size and waveform frequency imposed by shock wave propagation and sonic effects. Also, structural limitations may exist as a result of shocks to the equipment created by sudden extreme excursions of ⁇ P/ ⁇ t.
- the mass change object 30 will be moved in continuous motion in one direction, due to the effects on force transmission of any remaining matter in the vacuum chamber.
- a linear accelerator for moving the mass change object along a linear path is less preferred, because the size of the linear path is necessarily limited, and motion reversals will be necessary. With each reversal, the matter left in the vacuum will shift to the other end of the mass change region, thus reducing transmission of force to the structure of the mass change object 30.
- a linear accelerator it is therefore preferred to complete several input waveform cycles in each direction before reversal to minimize the effect of shifting matter on force transmission.
- a mass change object e.g. capacitor
- the capacitor is supplied with the necessary power flux to induce desired mass changes.
- the goal is to induce the maximum backwards force on the track (i.e. thrust) without exceeding a set velocity V in the carriage, and further, that there should be such a net backward, or reaction, force even after braking the carriage to a stop before the end of the track in accordance with Newton's third law of motion.
- the powered carriage may have a natural mass of 25 Kg. As mentioned above, a mass change magnitude of 50 Kg may well be practically possible. If a -50 Kg waveform is applied, the net inertial mass of the carriage will be -25 Kg. If the acceleration is controlled so that accelerations are only present during the negative mass cycle, then the system only sees the negative mass, because it is through acceleration that the inertial mass change effect can be exploited. Alternatively, during the positive mass waveform portions, the carriage may be disconnected from the driving means by a clutch means as described herein.
- FIG. 6 A linear, reciprocating, reactionless thrust system is shown in FIG. 6.
- the mass change object 30 preferably a capacitor
- the mass change object 30 is mounted on carriage 40, which moves in a back-and-forth motion along lead screw 12, which acts as a track.
- Waveform generator 60 and amplifier 50 act as a power source to selectively apply the mass-increasing and mass decreasing waveforms to the capacitor.
- the motor 25 (which is associated with the capacitor) accelerates the capacitor so that it exerts a force on the lead screw 12, the lead screw 12 functioning as a base against which force is exerted. It will be appreciated that the invention comprehends other forms of track and base besides the form of the preferred embodiment.
- the mass change object 30 begins at one end of lead screw 12.
- Amplifier 50 is used to generate inertial mass increasing waveforms.
- the capacitor is accelerated toward the centerline C/L of lead screw 12.
- the acceleration profile is coordinated so that no acceleration is performed when the waveform reaches a discontinuity with an undesired mass effect (i.e. the negative excursions of ⁇ P/ ⁇ t shown in FIG. 5). Peak velocity will be reached at the centerline. At this time, an inertial mass decreasing waveform is generated.
- the carriage containing the vacuum capacitor 30 is then decelerated to zero velocity at the other end of the carriage and accelerated back toward the centerline.
- the acceleration profile is again co-ordinated so that no acceleration is performed when the waveform reaches a discontinuity with an undesired mass change effect.
- the waveform should be switched to a mass-increasing effect.
- the carriage should be decelerated to zero velocity at the end and the process can continue as required.
- the path of the mass change object be as long as possible, so that no motion reversals are required.
- the use of a trajectory for the mass change object that forms a closed loop eliminates the problem of motion reversals.
- Using a loop introduces certain design complexities, because the force and acceleration equations for a mass change object that is rotating about a center point include terms representing curl or vorticity.
- a reactionless thrust system 10 with a looped path for mass change objects is shown in FIG.7.
- the system 10 includes a set of arms 15 on the shaft of a standard electric motor 25 and mount one or more capacitors at the end of the arms 15 as shown in FIG. 7.
- the arms meet at hub 43 adjacent rotary slip ring 45, which ring is preferably used to deliver the input waveforms to the mass change objects 30.
- the capacitors 30 thus rotate about hub 43, the hub 43 acting as a center point about which the objects 30 rotate.
- rotation points of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees are shown.
- centripetal force effectively magnify the thrust available. As one capacitor rotates from 0 to 180 degrees, it is applied with an inertial mass increasing waveform (voltage rising).
- a mass decreasing waveform (Curve A from FIG. 4) is applied. From 270 degrees to 360 degrees, another mass decreasing waveform (curve B from FIG. 4) is applied. From 360 through 540 degrees, a mass increasing waveform (voltage falling) is applied. From 540 to 630 degrees, a mass decreasing waveform (Curve C from FIG. 4) is applied. From 630 to 720 degrees, another mass decreasing waveform is applied (Curve D from FIG. 4). This 720-degree cycle is then repeated. Thus two revolutions of the capacitor are required for one cycle of the combined mass-increasing and mass-decreasing waveforms. This is illustrated in FIG. 10.
- the capacitors are accelerated toward the center of rotation at the hub 43.
- the equal and opposite reaction pulls the hub with a balancing force. Since the capacitor has a greater inertial mass in the sector from 0-180 degrees, a greater force on the hub is generated compared to the sector from 180-360 degrees with a net average thrust in the 90-degree direction.
- thrust in the net force direction is created by application of (1) a mass-increasing waveform to the mass change object 30 when the acceleration of the mass change object has at least a component opposite to the net force direction, and (2) a mass-decreasing waveform to the mass change object 30 when the acceleration of the mass change object has at least a component in the net force direction.
- a mass-increasing waveform to the mass change object 30 when it accelerates from the far right side of the track to the centerline.
- the net force direction i.e. the direction of the net thrust applied against the lead screw 12
- the mass change object 30 In the rotary device, if the mass change object 30 is rotated around the hub 43 at a constant speed, the mass change object 30 is at all times undergoing a net instantaneous acceleration in the direction of the hub 43.
- the net force direction is 90 degrees as shown in FIG.7
- a mass change object 30 is shown in the range 0-90- 180 degrees, or 360-450-540 degrees.
- the centripetal acceleration (CA) vector is the sum of two perpendicular components. One of these components is a perpendicular component (PC) to the net force direction. The other is a component opposite to the net force direction (ONFD).
- PC perpendicular component
- ONFD net force direction
- the mass change object has an acceleration component opposite to the net force direction, and in this range, mass increasing waveforms are applied.
- a mass change object in the range 180-270-360 degrees or 540-630-720 degrees is also shown. The object in this range has a centripetal acceleration (CA) that is the sum of two perpendicular vector components.
- the mass change object has an acceleration component in the net force direction, and in this range, mass decreasing waveforms are applied.
- the overall input waveform that is, the combination of mass-increasing and mass-decreasing waveforms, is configured so that the average mass change over time is zero. This is required for any practical system in which the magnitude of power does not increase indefinitely. Additional capacitors (or, in other embodiments, other objects 30) may be added around the mass change object rotary trajectory with input waveforms in appropriate phase being applied to each object 30 according to its position on the trajectory, as described above.
- a less effective, and thus less preferred, device may be constructed using only a mass- increasing or decreasing effect in one mass change object only. It will also be appreciated that the net thrust direction may be steered by varying the phase of the waveform relative to the rotation.
- a smooth transition from mass increasing to mass decreasing waveforms with be generated as any sudden ⁇ P/ ⁇ t reversals like those shown in FIG. 5 would interfere with the thrust generation and have the potential for damaging the capacitor or other object 30.
- the acceleration may be stopped whenever an undesirable ⁇ P/ ⁇ t excursion occurs, so that the device does not see this effect. This can be accomplished because there is, practically, only one acceleration taking place, and it is oriented along the track.
- the first is the tangential acceleration caused by speeding up or slowing down the motor. This may be controlled as desired.
- centripetal acceleration the acceleration of rotating masses toward the center of rotation, is proportional to the square of rotational velocity.
- input waveforms are preferably applied in a manner that substantially avoids discontinuities, and thus sudden ⁇ P/ ⁇ t spikes.
- real- world waveforms are not perfect, and some spiking may take place. Therefore, care must then be taken to generate waveforms with controlled shaped peaks so that the magnitude of sudden is known and, when combined with the rotational speed, is within the structural capacity of the machine and capacitors to resist.
- Elastic mounting means able to move and absorb shock in the radial direction, but substantially rigid in the tangential direction, may be designed to cushion these forces. As explained above, large excursions of ⁇ P/ ⁇ t take place, inter alia, at discontinuities in the input waveform.
- these discontinuities can be dealt with by using a connector- disconnector, optionally in the form of a clutch.
- a connector- disconnector optionally in the form of a clutch.
- the clutch When the clutch is engaged (i.e. connecting the mass change object 30 to the accelerator), the mass change object 30 moves in response to the accelerator.
- the mass change object 30 When it is disengaged, the mass change object 30 is disconnected from the accelerator, and the mass change object is substantially unaccelerated - i.e. it coasts.
- the combination of mass-increasing and mass-decreasing waveforms that forms the overall input waveforms is configured to reduce or eliminate discontinuities that create unwanted excursions of ⁇ P/ ⁇ t.
- Such an overall waveform is shown in FIG.10.
- the overall waveform which repeats every two rotations or 720 degrees, comprises a combination of mass-increasing and mass- decreasing waveforms selected to create a net thrust in a selected direction. As can be seen in FIG.10, these mass-increasing and mass- decreasing waveforms are arranged so as to have no discontinuities between them.
- a reactionless thrust device such as those described above may possibly also be configured to generate shaft power.
- Such a system may have a physical configuration as shown in FIG. 7, having, for example, two mass change objects 30, preferably capacitors, moving along a substantially circular motion path. Means have been described above wherein the illustrated device may be used for the generation of thrust.
- the motion of a mass change object in a rotary system has two components, namely angular motion and radial.
- the system at any given time, has an angular velocity representing the rotation rate, and angular acceleration will increase or decrease the rotation rate.
- Radial accelerations are imposed on the mass change objects 30 by the rigid arms 15, in the form of centripetal acceleration corresponding to centripetal forces.
- centripetal forces are proportional to the square of the instantaneous tangential velocity of the mass change objects 30.
- one method of developing thrust is to provide one mass change object with a mass-increasing waveform while the opposite mass change object is provided with a mass-decreasing waveform, in accordance with the principles outlined above.
- both waveforms may take the form of FIG. 10, but be shifted in phase by 180° relative to each other.
- the voltage waveform will preferably take a form where they are predominantly negative mass waveforms, as illustrated in FIG 11. where for the majority of a given cycle a mass decreasing effect is applied to each capacitor such that the value is strongly negative. In this case, the net moment of inertia for the entire rotational structure may become temporarily negative (i.e. the rotor of DC motor 25, hub 43, mounting arms 15 and capacitors 30).
- a braking torque applied to the shaft by a regenerative brake configured to apply a retarding force to the shaft, thus extracting shaft power, would cause the assembly to accelerate and the rate of rotation to increase. Since the waveform power is bounded, there must be a corresponding interval of positive ⁇ P/ ⁇ t. Therefore, when the ⁇ P/ ⁇ t goes positive, it would be necessary to disconnect the mass change objects 30 from the regenerative brake so that the regenerative brake does not apply the retarding force to the mass change objects 30 during positive ⁇ P/ ⁇ t.
- the connector-disconnector used to connect the brake to the object(s) 30 when the mass-decreasing waveform is applied, and to disconnect the brake from the object(s) 30 when the mass- increasing waveform is applied may optionally comprise: turning off current to a permanent magnet DC motor (current is proportional to torque; no torque, no acceleration - thus, the motor acts as the connector-disconnector); using a servo drive controller to maintain constant rotational velocity during that interval; or using an electrical or mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clutch, or a clutch using rapid response electrorheological or magnetorheological fluids to disconnect the assembly from the shaft at the necessary time.
- the rate of rotation may increase to unsafe or undesired levels. If the accelerating rotary assembly exceeded a desired rotary speed, the negative mass effect could be turned off and the system slowed as necessary.
- centripetal forces will impose structural loads on the device on the order of hundreds of gravities at typical spin rates.
- the device must be strong enough to withstand the loads imposed and the ⁇ P/ ⁇ t values should preferably not be permitted to approach theoretically infinite values. It will also be appreciated, as a consequence of the balanced centripetal forces, that while in a device where net force is to be generated, the phase of the waveforms must be synchronized with the rotation position, no such synchronization is required for operation of a device configured for shaft power.
- a rotary device such as shown in FIG. 7 may be used for shaft power versus thrust.
- the rotation rate will be variable, the same waveform is provided to all mass change objects, no synchronization of the waveform with rotation is required, and a connector-disconnector is needed.
- the rotation rate is preferably constant, phase shifted waveforms are provided to each mass change object, which waveforms are synchronized with the absolute position of the rotation, the rotation rate is preferably constant and no connector- disconnector is required.
- an electrical motor used in regenerative braking mode is the preferred method of extracting shaft power from such a device
- the invention comprehends any suitable method of extracting power, including, but not limited to an electric generator, pneumatic compressor, pneumatic pump, hydraulic compressor and hydraulic pump.
- power may be extracted in an equivalent linear device.
- the mass change object may be accelerated and braked in a substantially linear motion path using a linear induction motor.
- a linear induction motors may function as a regenerative brake and recover power from the application of retarding forces.
- the retarding forces are applied during a period when the net inertial mass of the moving structure containing a mass change object is negative, then the moving structure and mass change object will accelerate.
- One disadvantage of such a linear device is that in the absence of a closed path, reciprocating motion is required.
- Other modes of extracting power in a linear fashion are also comprehended by the invention, including, but not limited to pneumatic and hydraulic devices.
- the output of the multiplier can then be fed into a comparator 64 that compares the actual power with the expected value at a particular point in the cycle.
- a waveform compensator 65 can then be devised to correct the waveform to achieve the desired result.
- a modified waveform is then generated by the generator 60 and output to the circuit.
- Such a device can be developed using discrete components or by means of software within a computer processor device with suitable analog-to- digital and digital-to-analog hardware added.
- FIG. 8 A difference from the configuration shown in FIG. 7 is that a compact amplifier was used and affixed to the rotating arms. Supply power for the amplifier and the waveform signal (provided by a digital waveform generator) was routed to the rotating arms though a multi- conductor rotary slip ring. In addition, due to the high voltages used, a plastic housing was manufactured to prevent arcing from the capacitors to the nearby metal frame. The motor used was a 1 hp permanent magnet DC unit. Such motors have the characteristic that the voltage is proportional to the speed of the motor, and the input current is proportional to torque.
- a digital signal generator was used to create a saw-tooth waveform with a low voltage of 0 V and a high voltage of 5V. After amplification the resulting waveform had a minimum voltage of 18,000 volts, a peak voltage of 25,000 volts and a frequency of 6 Hz. The amplifier had the least distortion in this voltage range.
- the capacitors used were commercially available Jennings vacuum capacitors with a capacitance of 12 pF at up to 35,000 V, with a vacuum of 1x10 7 torr.
- the first experiment began with the motor in a stopped condition.
- the waveform generator was initiated and the amplifier powered up. Then power was routed to the motor.
- a programmable logic controller PLC with an analog to digital converter (PJD) was used to drive the motor through a high-speed solid-state relay.
- the A/D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached a predetermined level, the motor was cut off for 20 mS. This ensured that the current to the motor cut off during the peak of the waveform, and that the motor coasted (or experienced no angular acceleration) during this peak and the associated ⁇ P/ ⁇ t reversal.
- the time of 20 mS was used as the particular relay in the experimental setup had an activation delay of up to 10 mS.
- FIG. 5 illustrates this method.
- the first experiment began with the motor in a stopped condition.
- the waveform generator was initiated and the amplifier powered up. Then power was routed to the motor.
- a programmable logic controller PLC with an analog to digital converter (A/D) was used to drive the motor through a high-speed solid-state relay.
- the A/D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached a predetermined level, the motor was cut off for 20 mS. This ensured that the current to the motor cut off during the peak of the waveform, and that the motor coasted (or experienced no acceleration) during this peak and the associated aP/at reversal.
- the time of 20 mS was used as the particular relay in the experimental setup had an activation delay of up to 10 mS.
- FIG. 5 illustrates this method.
- a visual target was affixed to one of the rotating arms and the experiments were recorded with a video camera.
- the tape was then examined frame by frame and records made of the number of frames required for each rotation during the acceleration. Since each frame represents 1/30 th of a second, precise measurements could be made.
- Experiments were run at a number of voltages between 25-35 volts. In one test grouping summarized below, 8 tests were performed in 4 pairs (one with inertial modification on, one with the effect turned off). The elapsed time for 4 full revolutions was compared between the two conditions in each test pair.
- the variations in time measured were caused in part by the measurement technique which used discrete 1/30 th second measurement snapshots.
- the device may have traveled 4.0 rotations in one snapshot and 4.1 in the nearest comparable snapshot on a different run. Note however that there was a difference of .10 Sec or more in all test pairs.
- a calibration was then performed to determine the minimum sensitivity of the test setup. Weights were added to rotary arms to increase the inertial mass of the system to mimic the effects. Since the weights could not be added at the capacitor location, the position of each weight was measured so that the equivalent change in moment of inertia could be assigned as if the weight were located at the same radius as the capacitors.
- Weights totaling an equivalent mass change (at the capacitor radius) of 0.18 Kg were added before there was no more room.
- the motor was capable of turning this increased mass without stalling. Since the capacitor system with the amplified mass increasing waveform was capable of stalling the motor, it was concluded that the inertial mass change of the capacitors was greater than .18 Kg.
- This experiment verified two theories. The first is that a vacuum component would be significantly more efficacious in generating the desired mass change effect than a capacitor with a material core. The second is that a low-frequency shaped waveform would be effective in creating a large and almost continuous mass change when combined with a pulsed drive wherein the drive was not accelerated when the mass change effect was not of the desired type.
- Measured values showed that the mass change was greater than .18 Kg.
- Calculated values based on the measured acceleration times and motor characteristics showed that the mass change was .43 Kg within a range of +.21 Kg and -.16 Kg.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2009516833A JP2009541645A (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus for generating thrust by inertial mass change |
NZ573874A NZ573874A (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
EP07719976A EP2041432A1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
AU2007264344A AU2007264344A1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
MX2008016197A MX2008016197A (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance. |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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CA002550904A CA2550904A1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2006-06-27 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
CA2,550,904 | 2006-06-27 | ||
CA002571890A CA2571890A1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2006-12-21 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
CA2,571,890 | 2006-12-21 |
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WO2008000062A1 true WO2008000062A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
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PCT/CA2007/001060 WO2008000062A1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2007-06-15 | Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance |
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EP (1) | EP2041432A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009541645A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20090060992A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007264344A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2571890A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2008016197A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ573874A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2008151522A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008000062A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102013833A (en) * | 2010-12-27 | 2011-04-13 | 上海大学 | Piezoelectric motor linear positioning method and device |
Families Citing this family (2)
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KR20120054686A (en) * | 2010-11-20 | 2012-05-31 | 주식회사 나름 | Experimental device of torque measurement |
WO2016004044A1 (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2016-01-07 | Cannae Llc | Electromagnetic thrusting system |
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US5280864A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1994-01-25 | Woodward James F | Method for transiently altering the mass of objects to facilitate their transport or change their stationary apparent weights |
EP0778608A2 (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-11 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Plasma generators and methods of generating plasmas |
US6098924A (en) * | 1999-01-23 | 2000-08-08 | California State University, Fullerton Foundation | Method and apparatus for generating propulsive forces without the ejection of propellant |
US6347766B1 (en) * | 1999-01-23 | 2002-02-19 | James Woodward | Method and apparatus for generating propulsive forces without the ejection of propellant |
US6473289B1 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 2002-10-29 | Paralax, Llc | Vacuum variable capacitor |
US6512333B2 (en) * | 1999-05-20 | 2003-01-28 | Lee Chen | RF-powered plasma accelerator/homogenizer |
US20030057319A1 (en) * | 2001-09-22 | 2003-03-27 | Fitzgerald David | Propulsion device with decreased mass |
US20060065789A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-30 | Woodward James F | Method for producing thrusts with "Mach" effects manipulated by alternating electromagnetic fields |
-
2006
- 2006-12-21 CA CA002571890A patent/CA2571890A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-06-15 JP JP2009516833A patent/JP2009541645A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-15 MX MX2008016197A patent/MX2008016197A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-15 AU AU2007264344A patent/AU2007264344A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-15 RU RU2008151522/06A patent/RU2008151522A/en unknown
- 2007-06-15 EP EP07719976A patent/EP2041432A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-15 KR KR1020097001411A patent/KR20090060992A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-15 WO PCT/CA2007/001060 patent/WO2008000062A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-06-15 NZ NZ573874A patent/NZ573874A/en unknown
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US5280864A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1994-01-25 | Woodward James F | Method for transiently altering the mass of objects to facilitate their transport or change their stationary apparent weights |
EP0778608A2 (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-11 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Plasma generators and methods of generating plasmas |
US6098924A (en) * | 1999-01-23 | 2000-08-08 | California State University, Fullerton Foundation | Method and apparatus for generating propulsive forces without the ejection of propellant |
US6347766B1 (en) * | 1999-01-23 | 2002-02-19 | James Woodward | Method and apparatus for generating propulsive forces without the ejection of propellant |
US6512333B2 (en) * | 1999-05-20 | 2003-01-28 | Lee Chen | RF-powered plasma accelerator/homogenizer |
US6473289B1 (en) * | 1999-10-16 | 2002-10-29 | Paralax, Llc | Vacuum variable capacitor |
US20030057319A1 (en) * | 2001-09-22 | 2003-03-27 | Fitzgerald David | Propulsion device with decreased mass |
US20060065789A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-30 | Woodward James F | Method for producing thrusts with "Mach" effects manipulated by alternating electromagnetic fields |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN102013833A (en) * | 2010-12-27 | 2011-04-13 | 上海大学 | Piezoelectric motor linear positioning method and device |
Also Published As
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JP2009541645A (en) | 2009-11-26 |
RU2008151522A (en) | 2010-08-20 |
AU2007264344A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
KR20090060992A (en) | 2009-06-15 |
EP2041432A1 (en) | 2009-04-01 |
MX2008016197A (en) | 2009-02-11 |
NZ573874A (en) | 2011-08-26 |
CA2571890A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
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