WO1988008444A1 - Process for preparing oil composition - Google Patents

Process for preparing oil composition Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1988008444A1
WO1988008444A1 PCT/HU1988/000027 HU8800027W WO8808444A1 WO 1988008444 A1 WO1988008444 A1 WO 1988008444A1 HU 8800027 W HU8800027 W HU 8800027W WO 8808444 A1 WO8808444 A1 WO 8808444A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
omega
fatty acids
species
acid
fat
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Application number
PCT/HU1988/000027
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Tibor Farkas
Anikó NAGYNÉ VANICSEK
László MÁRTON
László PELLE
Gábor TÖRÖK
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BIOGAL Gyógyszergyár
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Priority to KR1019880701720A priority Critical patent/KR890701718A/en
Priority to MC88HU8800027D priority patent/MC2012A1/en
Publication of WO1988008444A1 publication Critical patent/WO1988008444A1/en
Priority to DK709488A priority patent/DK709488A/en
Priority to FI885929A priority patent/FI885929A/en
Priority to NO885731A priority patent/NO885731L/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
    • C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
    • A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/56—Materials from animals other than mammals
    • A61K35/60—Fish, e.g. seahorses; Fish eggs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
    • C11C1/007—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids using organic solvents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
    • C11C1/02—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils
    • C11C1/025—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids from fats or fatty oils by saponification and release of fatty acids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the preparation of oil compositions with high omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids from Hypophthalmichthis and Abramis species.
  • fatty acids are precursors of a family of compounds metabolized in the organism, the said compounds having important regulation function. If the food lacks of a certain group of unsaturated fatty acids, thefunctional equilibrium of the regulating compounds thus obtained be come s unbalanced leading to serious consequence in the health.
  • the fatty acids occur in the organism in the form of phospholipids , triglycerides and free fatty acids . According to their origin and function they can be distributed in four main groups :
  • Characteristic and starting material of this group is the linoleic acid. They are present in plant tissues , in the first line in seeds.
  • the characteristic and starting material of this group is linolenic acid. They are synthetized by microorganisms living in the water and deposited in the tissues of fishes feeding on the said organisms. As human food they can be taken up only by eating fishes but get into the organism in very small quantities only. The importance thereof is proved by the fact that this small amount mostly occurs in the brain tissues. They are non-essential compounds but in the absence thereof regulation disturbances and illnesses might occur and the deficiency thereof indirectly and together with other factors may cause even death.
  • the fatty acids are labelled as X:Y omega Z/number of carbon atoms: number of double bonds and Z means the length of the saturated carbon chain after the last double bond including the terminal methyl group/.
  • the group of C 20 fatty acids is that of eicosaic acids including the 20:/ omega-6 arachidonic acid /AA/ and 20:5 omega-3 eicosa-pentaenoic acid /EPA/.
  • the group of C 22 fatty acids is that of docosaic acids including among others the 22:1 omega-9 erucidic acid and 22:6 omega-3 docosa-hexaenoic acid /DHA/.
  • C 20 eicosaic acids play an important role and the group of C 20 compounds thus obtained are named as eicosanoides.
  • Functional derivatives obtained therefrom are the thromboxanes formed by ring closure /Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1975, Hamberg/ and the prostaglandines.
  • the latter group has already previously been known but only recently discovered that they are derived from tne eicosaic acid /Nature, 1976, Moncada/.
  • the leukotrienes are also obtained through additional metabolic routes /Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 1979, Murphy/ and even nowdays further metabolites and functions have become known.
  • the biosynthetic route of eicosanoids is illustrated by Fig, 1.
  • the natural starting material thereof is the arachidonic acid /AA/ which can be found in the phospholipids.
  • this group is also named as "diene metabolites" .
  • the functions of the metabolites illustrated on Fig. 1 areas follows:
  • PGH 2 vasoconstrictor, A DP-releasing, blood platelet acviating.
  • the adhesion of active blood plateles increases and a hormone will be produced which stimulates the proliferation of vessel wall cells. They also promote the release of serotonin and the production of thromboxane .
  • PXA 2 aggregates blood platelets, promotes thrombus formation.
  • LTB 4 induces inflammations, stimulates the immune reactions.
  • TXB 2 and 6-keto-PGF 1 byproducts which are secreted from the organism.
  • the system of eicosanoides responses to the damaging influences such as penetration and deposit of foreign materials , vessel wall lesions, etc. with inflammation, allergic reactions, thickening of vessel wall and vasoconstnction, as well a d blood clogging at the area of lesion.
  • the basic principle of each regulation that the responses on the effect should be repressed in certain extent, otherwise the activated regulation system turns the conditions into the opposite, also non-desired direction.
  • the organism responses so that the eicosapentaenic acid /EPA/ and derivatives thereof are analogous substrates of the same enzyme systems. These molecules compete with the corresponding members of AA metabolites and push the former off the surface of the enzymes while their own metabolites are practically. ineffective.
  • the two starting materials and metabolites thereof differ from each other in the delta-17 double bound.
  • the metabolites of EPA origin are called as "triene" metabolites. Accordingly, the balance of organism depends on the equilibrium of the diene vs. triene metabolites /Nature 307, 165, 1984/.
  • PGI 3 substantially as vasodilating as PGI 2 .
  • the triene metabolites increase the cyclic AMP level which inhibits phospholipase A 2 and, accordingly, the formation of AA.
  • the 22:6 omega-3 docosahexaenic acid /DHA/ has an effect identical to that of EPA.
  • the omega-3 acids having lower carbon atom number are transformed into EPA in the organism by the so-called "elongation process".
  • the metabolic passway and metabolite functions are described e. g. in the following literatures: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76 , 944 /1979/; B. B. A., 875, 369 /1986/: New England j. of Med., 314 , 937 /1986/; Thrombosis Res., 42 , 99 /1986/: Nutr. Reviews, 44 , 205 /1986/.
  • the article of Aquaculture Hungarica 1, 35 /1978/ reports on examinations for the fatty acid content of Hypophthalmichthis species which widely bred in Hungary.
  • the article reports on the influence of feeding.
  • the EPA-content in the said species may amount to 8, 3 or even 9, 9 % of the total fat content.
  • the corresponding AA -values were found as 7 ,5 and 8,5 %, respectively.
  • the extensive fish consumption might cause pesticide poisoning as the said chemicals are deposited in fishes in the first line. For this reason, and to ensure a reproducible administration the production and sale of compositions containing omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids was first introduced in the USA. These are most frequently capsulated oils with a content of 20 to 50 % of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids /EPA and DHA/.
  • the C 22 erucaic acid can be found in rape oil in greater quantity. Even nowdays great efforts are being made to improve rape free from erucaic acid [Lipids, 746 and 548 /1972 /].
  • compositions like PROMEGA, PROTOCHOL or O MEGA-3-EPA contain 55 to 86 % mixed ballast material beside the active material.
  • the present invention aim s to provide a solution to elimin ate the above harmful effects. Disclosure of invention
  • a preparation with high content of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid and free from 20: 1 and 22: 1 fatty acids can be prepared by using intra-abdominal fat of wild or bred Hypophthalmichthis species: silver carp [H. molitry /Valucianne/] and big head carp [H. nolibis /Richardson/ ] and certain bream /Abramis/ species, preferably Abramis brama, respectively, as starting material.
  • the lipids are extracted therefrom with organic solvent, solvent mixture, hot water or steam and the lipid mixture thus obtained is enriched in fatty acid of higher unsaturation by forming lipid-urea complexes and separating the same.
  • the tissues of Hypophthalmichthis and Abramis species, respectively, are characterized by essentially not containing 20: 1 and 22: 1 fatty acids and by a relatively high EPA- and DHA-content.
  • the fat content of muscles is low /3 %/, i. e . about one tenth of that of the sea fishes listed hereabove but a substantial quantity of fat deposit can be found on the viscera which have previously been treated as debris.
  • the fatty tissue separated from the intestines and omentum besides a fat content of almost 100 %, surprisingly and preferably shows a very low AA-content.
  • the main part of fatty acids consists of saturated fatty acids and oleic acid, the amount of which may be decreased substantially by urea-complex forming and thus the active ingredient content /E PA, DHA and omega-3 fatty acid transformed to C 18 polyene EPA/ can be increased up to 60 %.
  • the characteristic lipid composition of the starting material ensures to obtain a composition with high active ingredient content and free of harmful material by using simple , one-step purification
  • compositions obtained according to the present invention serve for food completion and health care . As such , it is superior due to the high active ingredient content /EPA + DHA/ and preferably low AA-content thereof and is harmful as even traces of 20: 1 and 22: 1 acids cannot be found therein.
  • a further advantage of the process according to the present invention is that the lipid extraction is carried out on valueless waste material, the quantity of which is substantially less than that of the flesh or whole fish.
  • the crude product obtained can effectively be purified by a simple single step.
  • compositions prepared according to the present invention may be used, by mixing in the food or capsulated against vasoconstriction, artheriosclerosis, vascular obstruction, allergic dermatitis and for preventing tumorous methastases.
  • the compositions can also be used for adjusting the correct diet in case of the aforesaid illnesses.
  • the daily doses can vary between 0, 2 to 2,0 g, depending on the indication and duration of treatment.
  • Fig. 1 shows the biosynthetic route of eicosanoids.
  • FLg. 2 shows the biosynthetic routes starting from EPA .
  • Fig. 3 shows the fatty acid composition of the starting oil in Example 9.
  • Fig. 4 shows the analysis of the fatty acid mixture obtained in Example 9.
  • Example 1 In processing silver carp 3 years old /weighing 1,2 kg bred in pond/ the inner parts w ere removed and the thick fatty tissue deposited on the viscera was manually separated. The amount of tissue obtained from one animal averaged 135 g. Fro m the fat tissue and flesh each 1 g samples were taken and extracted three times with each 5 ml of petroleum ether so that the tissue was homogenized in the presence of 2 g of dry sodium sulfate with the first charge of solvent, the solid parts were filtered off, and suspended cm the filter twice with each 5 ml of peiroleum ether. The three solvent fractions were combined and distilled in vacuo until oily residue was obtained. T he oi) *as subjected to gas chromatography. The result obtained were compared with those obtained from the extract of carp flesh.
  • the fat from the abdominal cavity did not contain 20:1 and
  • Example 2 Processing of big head carp, 3 years old, weighing 2100 g.
  • the fatty acid composition of the fat tissue from the abdominal cavity of big head carp was similar to that of the silver carp, the fat composition of the flesh altered in a higher AA-content and the percentage of EPA- and DHA-content.
  • the weight of material to be extracted was again multiple.
  • mackerel though it constitutes a good source of EPA and DHA, the high 20:1 and 22:1 content of the product could be detected.
  • the emulsion thus obtained was allowed to stand for 3 hours, then the proteins forming the precipitate were removed by filtering on Whatman IPS paper and to the filtrate 400 ml of 0,2 M aqueous potassium chloride solution was added.
  • the system was allowed to separate into two layers and after completion of the separation the lower phase containing the lipids was separated and the upper phase discarded.
  • the chloroform solution was dried over dry sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was distilled off from the filtrate.
  • 83,2 g of colourless or slight yellow oil was obtained and the fatty acid composition was identical with that obtained according to example 1.
  • Example 4 100 g of fatty tissue obtained according to example 2 was extracted with 800 ml of petroleum ether by homogenizing in the presence of 200 g of dry sodium sulfate. The tissue residues and salts were filtered off, the precipitate was washed with 2 ⁇ 100 ml of petroleum ether and the washings were combined with the extract. The solvent was distilled off in vacuo from the lipid solution thus obtained, 91 g of slightly yellow oil was obtained, the fatty acid composition being identical with that of the product obtained in example 2.
  • fatty tissue was collected from the abdominal cavity.
  • the material was stored in plastic container filled with ice and transported to the place of extraction at the temperature of melting ice.
  • Example 8 From the fatty acids in the oil obtained according to any of examples 3, 4 and 5 methyl esters were formed by adding to the oil sodium meth ⁇ xide dissolved in half volume of methanol. The sodium methoxide added was in molar equivalent with the fatty acid content. The reaction mixture was allow ed to stand at room temperature for 10 to 16 hours and then a 10-fold volume of petroleum ether based on the fatty acids and water in an amount necessary for the separation of layers were added. The lower layer was discarded , the petroleum ether solution was washed with water and the solvent was distilled off. The oil thus obtained contained fatty add methyl esters.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show the urea purification of fatty acids obtained from fat tissues of silver carp by hot water extraction, saponification and liberation.
  • Fig. 3 shows the fatty acid composition of the starting oil.
  • Fig. 4 shows the analysis of the polyenerich fatty acid mixture obtained by adduct forming according to the present example.
  • deep freezing, or addition of antioxidants e. g . 0, 1 % of tokoferol or 0,05 % of butylated hydroxytoluene can be used.
  • the solvent extraction can be carried out e . g. in counter-current extractor while the aqueous extraction may be accomplished in autoclave by steaming the fat tissue .
  • the free fatty acids may also be liberated in. buffered aqueous medium by enzymatic decomposition, e. g. with lipase.
  • the urea complex forming can be performed by heating at 50 to 70 °C for 30 to 60 minutes. To precipitate the adduct, the system is cooled below 30 °C .
  • the fatty acids can also be extracted from the aqueous solution thereof with other fat solvents, e. g. n-hexane , benzene, ethylacetate, etc. Before distilling off the solvent, those containing water, e . g. ethyl acetate, should be dried with sodium sulfate, resin treatment, etc.
  • other fat solvents e. g. n-hexane , benzene, ethylacetate, etc.
  • those containing water, e . g. ethyl acetate should be dried with sodium sulfate, resin treatment, etc.

Abstract

The invention provides a process for preparing oil compositions from a group of fishes consisting of Hypophthalmichthis and Abramis species, the said compositions being useful for completing alimentation in order to prevent pathological consequences of artheriosclerosis. The process according to the invention uses the fatty tissues from the abdominal cavity of the above species as starting material. The compositions thus prepared have a very high content on omega-3 fatty acids.

Description

PROCESS FOR PREPARING OIL COMPOSITION
Technical field
The present invention relates to the preparation of oil compositions with high omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids from Hypophthalmichthis and Abramis species.
Background art
Artheriosclerosis and its consequences, such as myocardial infarction caused by coronary occlusion are one of the most frequent cause of death in advanced countries. The increasing frequency thereof is generally attributed to the characteristic change in the mode of life and alimentation, which increase the liability ani hazards by known way.
In alimentation substantial modification and distortion in the quantity and composition of fatty materials can be observed when comparing the diet of people living in natural environment with dietary habits of those living in big cities. A well known consequence of this change in the composition is hyperlipidaemia, the increased cholesterol level of blood. To prevent artheriosclerosis, screening controls have been introduced in many countries.
In the last decade it has been found that the balanced distribulion of unsaturated fatty acid in the food has a very important role.
These fatty acids are precursors of a family of compounds metabolized in the organism, the said compounds having important regulation function. If the food lacks of a certain group of unsaturated fatty acids, thefunctional equilibrium of the regulating compounds thus obtained be come s unbalanced leading to serious consequence in the health.
The above phenomenon was supported by the fact that substantially no artheriosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis could be detected at the Eskimos and in certain Japanese fisher villages . Genetical causes could be excluded and the answer to the difference was explained by the very characteristic alimentation rich in fish. The annual fish consumption of Eskimos takes several hundred kilograms per person while the same value is 7 kg per year in the USA and 3 kg per year in Hungary. T he variety of these fishes is also very important: they are plant eating cold-sea fishes which are rich in fats and the fat composition is delicate due to the omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid content thereof [Am. J . Clin. Nutr . , 28 , 958 /1975/, Lancet 1 , 11 7 /1978/, Lancet 2, 433 /1979/].
The fatty acids occur in the organism in the form of phospholipids , triglycerides and free fatty acids . According to their origin and function they can be distributed in four main groups :
- Saturated fatty acids:
They are metabolized from any carbon source by any organism through acetic acid. They are present in the human food mostly as animal fat.
- Omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids: Characteristic and starting material of this group is theolenic acid. They are synthetized by animal and plant organisms .
- Omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids: Characteristic and starting material of this group is the linoleic acid. They are present in plant tissues , in the first line in seeds.
- Omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids:
The characteristic and starting material of this group is linolenic acid. They are synthetized by microorganisms living in the water and deposited in the tissues of fishes feeding on the said organisms. As human food they can be taken up only by eating fishes but get into the organism in very small quantities only. The importance thereof is proved by the fact that this small amount mostly occurs in the brain tissues. They are non-essential compounds but in the absence thereof regulation disturbances and illnesses might occur and the deficiency thereof indirectly and together with other factors may cause even death.
The fatty acids are labelled as X:Y omega Z/number of carbon atoms: number of double bonds and Z means the length of the saturated carbon chain after the last double bond including the terminal methyl group/.
The above mentioned fatty acids are labelled as follows:
18:1 omega-9 = oleic acid; 18:2 omega-6 = linoleic acid;
18:3 omega-3 - linolenic acid.
The group of C20 fatty acids is that of eicosaic acids including the 20:/ omega-6 arachidonic acid /AA/ and 20:5 omega-3 eicosa-pentaenoic acid /EPA/. The group of C22 fatty acids is that of docosaic acids including among others the 22:1 omega-9 erucidic acid and 22:6 omega-3 docosa-hexaenoic acid /DHA/.
In the formation of the above regulating materials the C20 eicosaic acids play an important role and the group of C20 compounds thus obtained are named as eicosanoides. Functional derivatives obtained therefrom are the thromboxanes formed by ring closure /Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1975, Hamberg/ and the prostaglandines. The latter group has already previously been known but only recently discovered that they are derived from tne eicosaic acid /Nature, 1976, Moncada/. The leukotrienes are also obtained through additional metabolic routes /Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 1979, Murphy/ and even nowdays further metabolites and functions have become known.
The biosynthetic route of eicosanoids is illustrated by Fig, 1. The natural starting material thereof is the arachidonic acid /AA/ which can be found in the phospholipids. During ring-closure two double bounds will be cleaved and delta-5, delta-14- dienes are formed. Accordingly, this group is also named as "diene metabolites" . The functions of the metabolites illustrated on Fig. 1 areas follows:
PGH2 : vasoconstrictor, A DP-releasing, blood platelet acviating. The adhesion of active blood plateles increases and a hormone will be produced which stimulates the proliferation of vessel wall cells. They also promote the release of serotonin and the production of thromboxane .
PXA2 : aggregates blood platelets, promotes thrombus formation.
LTB4 : induces inflammations, stimulates the immune reactions.
12 HETE ; chemotactic effect on leukocytes.
PG l2 : vasodilator.
TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF 1 : byproducts which are secreted from the organism. Accordingly, the system of eicosanoides responses to the damaging influences, such as penetration and deposit of foreign materials , vessel wall lesions, etc. with inflammation, allergic reactions, thickening of vessel wall and vasoconstnction, as well a d blood clogging at the area of lesion. The basic principle of each regulation that the responses on the effect should be repressed in certain extent, otherwise the activated regulation system turns the conditions into the opposite, also non-desired direction. In the present case the organism responses so that the eicosapentaenic acid /EPA/ and derivatives thereof are analogous substrates of the same enzyme systems. These molecules compete with the corresponding members of AA metabolites and push the former off the surface of the enzymes while their own metabolites are practically. ineffective.
The two starting materials and metabolites thereof differ from each other in the delta-17 double bound. The metabolites of EPA origin are called as "triene" metabolites. Accordingly, the balance of organism depends on the equilibrium of the diene vs. triene metabolites /Nature 307, 165, 1984/.
The biosynthetic routes which can be derived from EPA are shown in Fig.2.
The function of metabolites shown in Fig. 2 are as follows:
PGH3: slightly vasodilating. TXA3 and LTB5: practically ineffective.
PGI3 : substantially as vasodilating as PGI2.
The triene metabolites increase the cyclic AMP level which inhibits phospholipase A2 and, accordingly, the formation of AA.
The 22:6 omega-3 docosahexaenic acid /DHA/ has an effect identical to that of EPA. The omega-3 acids having lower carbon atom number are transformed into EPA in the organism by the so-called "elongation process". The metabolic passway and metabolite functions are described e. g. in the following literatures: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76 , 944 /1979/; B. B. A., 875, 369 /1986/: New England j. of Med., 314 , 937 /1986/; Thrombosis Res., 42 , 99 /1986/: Nutr. Reviews, 44 , 205 /1986/.
Biodiemical tests, animal and clinical experiences proved that a permanently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in the distribution of unsaturated fatty acids might increase the susceptibility to vasoconstriction, thrombosis, allergy and inflammations. By correcting the said ratio, the diseases can be prevented and the symptoms of illnesses can be suppressed, respectively. To correct the ratio , administration of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids would be necessary under the present general alimentation habits. The fish meat or composition rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty aci ds favourably influences the lipid content of blood plasma, the so-called VLDL and L DL fractions decrease against the HLD fraction which symptom reduces the deposition of cholesterol and promotes secretion [Prog. Lipid. Res. , 25 , 461 /1986 /]. According to other experiments the corrected omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is regarded as an important factor in the treatment of certain skin diseases [Arch. Dermatol. 122 , 1277 /1986 /]. Moreover, research in the field of malign proliferation and methastases also proved the role of deformated fatty acid ratio [Prog. L ipid. Res. , 25, 583 /1986/].
The aforesaid discoveries strongly promoted research and the campaigns for increasing fish, in the first line cold sea fishes, such as sardine, mackerel, salmon, codfish, herring consumption. It has also been shown mat also some fresh-water fishes can be sources for omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. The species in question was Cyprinus carpio with a fat content of 7 %, wherein the EPA-content is 4,0 % of the total fat quantity and the AA-value is 1,3 % [ L ancet, 717 , 1983 and Prog. Lipid. Res. , 25, 207 /1986/].
The article of Aquaculture Hungarica 1, 35 /1978/ reports on examinations for the fatty acid content of Hypophthalmichthis species which widely bred in Hungary. The article reports on the influence of feeding. According to the results the EPA-content in the said species may amount to 8, 3 or even 9, 9 % of the total fat content. The corresponding AA -values were found as 7 ,5 and 8,5 %, respectively. According to alimentation experts, the extensive fish consumption might cause pesticide poisoning as the said chemicals are deposited in fishes in the first line. For this reason, and to ensure a reproducible administration the production and sale of compositions containing omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids was first introduced in the USA. These are most frequently capsulated oils with a content of 20 to 50 % of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids /EPA and DHA/.
These possibilities, however, did not have basic influence on correcting the alimentation. As well-known, prolonged consumption of certain fatty acids is harmful to the organism. Accordingly, C 20 and C22 monoene fatty acids are characteristically deposited in the heart muscle membranes, thus causing a progressive degeneration and impulse conduction disturbances, i. e. pathological EKG .
The C22 erucaic acid can be found in rape oil in greater quantity. Even nowdays great efforts are being made to improve rape free from erucaic acid [Lipids, 746 and 548 /1972 /].
The oil compositions available in 1986 were not analyzed in this respect. Our examinations provided unfavourable results, some examples thereof are illustrated herebelow:
EPA DHA 20: 1 and 22 : 1
cod liver 10 % 11 % 24 %
SUPER -EPA 30 % 20 % 11 %
LOVΓΓRON 9 % 11 % 20 %
Also the additional compositions, like PROMEGA, PROTOCHOL or O MEGA-3-EPA contain 55 to 86 % mixed ballast material beside the active material.
The present invention aim s to provide a solution to elimin ate the above harmful effects. Disclosure of invention
It has been found that the above aim which is very important for both the common health and medical treatment can be fulfilled without holding additional effects harmful to the organism. It has been found that a preparation with high content of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid and free from 20: 1 and 22: 1 fatty acids can be prepared by using intra-abdominal fat of wild or bred Hypophthalmichthis species: silver carp [H. molitry /Valucianne/] and big head carp [H. nolibis /Richardson/ ] and certain bream /Abramis/ species, preferably Abramis brama, respectively, as starting material. The lipids are extracted therefrom with organic solvent, solvent mixture, hot water or steam and the lipid mixture thus obtained is enriched in fatty acid of higher unsaturation by forming lipid-urea complexes and separating the same. The tissues of Hypophthalmichthis and Abramis species, respectively, are characterized by essentially not containing 20: 1 and 22: 1 fatty acids and by a relatively high EPA- and DHA-content. The fat content of muscles is low /3 %/, i. e . about one tenth of that of the sea fishes listed hereabove but a substantial quantity of fat deposit can be found on the viscera which have previously been treated as debris. The fatty tissue separated from the intestines and omentum, besides a fat content of almost 100 %, surprisingly and preferably shows a very low AA-content. The main part of fatty acids consists of saturated fatty acids and oleic acid, the amount of which may be decreased substantially by urea-complex forming and thus the active ingredient content /E PA, DHA and omega-3 fatty acid transformed to C 18 polyene EPA/ can be increased up to 60 %.
The purification by forming urea complex is well known from the lipid literature [H . P . Kaufman: Analyse der Fette und F ett-produkte , Band l, p. 76, Springer Verlag, /l958/ ] . The method is based on the recognition that monoene or saturated fatty acids form complex with urea while fatty acids of higher un saturation cannot close urea in complex. The said complex precipitates from the system. This method is used for treating sea fish oils by US-P S No. 4,377,526. By this method EP A of fine chemicals purity /75 to 93 %/ is obtained, wherein the urea concentration is performed as the first or second step. The separation methods of the single components include fractional distillation, fractional crystallization at low temperature, molecular distillation or ion-exchange cromatography on silver-saturated resin. The process according to the present invention possesses the following advantages:
- the Hypophthalmichthis species are well increasable and simple fish variety,
- by using the fatty tissue the quantity to be extracted decreases to one tenth,
- by using the fatty tissue hardly disposable waste material can be utilized, i. e . a material detrimental to environment is used,
- the characteristic lipid composition of the starting material ensures to obtain a composition with high active ingredient content and free of harmful material by using simple , one-step purification,
- the bream /Abramis / species can be fished also industrially and no specific breeding is necessary.
The compositions obtained according to the present invention serve for food completion and health care . As such , it is superior due to the high active ingredient content /EPA + DHA/ and preferably low AA-content thereof and is harmful as even traces of 20: 1 and 22: 1 acids cannot be found therein.
A further advantage of the process according to the present invention is that the lipid extraction is carried out on valueless waste material, the quantity of which is substantially less than that of the flesh or whole fish. The crude product obtained can effectively be purified by a simple single step.
The compositions prepared according to the present invention may be used, by mixing in the food or capsulated against vasoconstriction, artheriosclerosis, vascular obstruction, allergic dermatitis and for preventing tumorous methastases. The compositions can also be used for adjusting the correct diet in case of the aforesaid illnesses. The daily doses can vary between 0, 2 to 2,0 g, depending on the indication and duration of treatment.
Brief descsiption of the drawings
Fig. 1 shows the biosynthetic route of eicosanoids. FLg. 2 shows the biosynthetic routes starting from EPA . Fig. 3 shows the fatty acid composition of the starting oil in Example 9.
Fig. 4 shows the analysis of the fatty acid mixture obtained in Example 9.
Best mode of carrying out the invention
- Example 1 In processing silver carp 3 years old /weighing 1,2 kg bred in pond/ the inner parts w ere removed and the thick fatty tissue deposited on the viscera was manually separated. The amount of tissue obtained from one animal averaged 135 g. Fro m the fat tissue and flesh each 1 g samples were taken and extracted three times with each 5 ml of petroleum ether so that the tissue was homogenized in the presence of 2 g of dry sodium sulfate with the first charge of solvent, the solid parts were filtered off, and suspended cm the filter twice with each 5 ml of peiroleum ether. The three solvent fractions were combined and distilled in vacuo until oily residue was obtained. T he oi) *as subjected to gas chromatography. The result obtained were compared with those obtained from the extract of carp flesh.
Fatty acid Sliver carp Carp
Fat tissue from Flesh Flesh abdominal cavity
14:0 3,0 1,7 1,6
16:0 16,1 18,3 17,0
18:0 0,4 4,6 5,0
16:9 omega-9 7,9 5,2 7,0
18:1 45,4 12,6 54,7
20:1 - - 1,8
22:1 - -
18:2 omega-6 1,5 2,6 6,3 20:2 1,5 0,1
20:3 - 0,4 -
20:4 0,5 8,8 1,9
22:4 0,1 0,9 0,2
22:5 0,5 3,3 0,2
18:3 omega-3 1,4 4,3 0,7
18:4 nyom 0,2 -
20:4 - - -
20:5 4,6 12,4 0,7
22:5 0,7 2,4 0,1
22:6 3,8 12,3 0,6
The fat from the abdominal cavity did not contain 20:1 and
22: 1 fatty acids and had a very low AA-content. Though the EPA- and DHA-content was relatively low compared with that of the flesh, but in relation to the total weight of the tissue to be extracted the effective EPA- and DHA-content of the flesh was about 1/10 of that of the fat tissue.
Example 2 Processing of big head carp, 3 years old, weighing 2100 g.
After dissecting and gilling, the fat tissue on the viscera was manually separated and thus 200 g of tissue was obtained. Each 1 g of samples were taken from the fat tissue and the flesh of fish and extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography as described in example 1. The results obtained were compared with that of the oil pressed from the whole mackerel.
Fatty acid Big head carp Mackerel
Fat tissue from Flesh Flesh abdominal cavity
14:0 4,2 2,0 6,0
16:0 20,1 17,4 15,1
18:0 2,4 6,1 2,3
16: 1 omega-9 13,5 3,4 3,9
18:1 31,5 10,0 13,8 20:1 1,1 0,9 8,4
22:1 - - 10,5
18:2 omega-6 1,7 2,8 1,1
20:2 0,2 - 0,2
20:3 0,2 0,3 - 20:4 1,0 8,9 0,8
22:4 - 0,6 -
22:5 0,1 2,3 - 18:3 omega-3 1.9 3,8 1,4
18:4 - 0,2 3,3
20:4 - 0,7 0,3
20:5 6,6 14,3 7,0
22:5 1,4 2,4 0,6
22:6 2,4 16,7 10,5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The fatty acid composition of the fat tissue from the abdominal cavity of big head carp was similar to that of the silver carp, the fat composition of the flesh altered in a higher AA-content and the percentage of EPA- and DHA-content. However, in case of using the flesh for the oil extraction the weight of material to be extracted was again multiple. In case of mackerel, though it constitutes a good source of EPA and DHA, the high 20:1 and 22:1 content of the product could be detected.
Example 3
100 g of fatty tissue obtained according to example 1 were homogenized with 2000 g of a mixture of cloroform and methanol [2: 1, v/v]by using high speed laboratory homogenize r, e. g. MSE homogenizer, for 2 × 3 minutes at n = 8000 rpm. The emulsion thus obtained was allowed to stand for 3 hours, then the proteins forming the precipitate were removed by filtering on Whatman IPS paper and to the filtrate 400 ml of 0,2 M aqueous potassium chloride solution was added. The system was allowed to separate into two layers and after completion of the separation the lower phase containing the lipids was separated and the upper phase discarded. The chloroform solution was dried over dry sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was distilled off from the filtrate. 83,2 g of colourless or slight yellow oil was obtained and the fatty acid composition was identical with that obtained according to example 1.
Example 4 100 g of fatty tissue obtained according to example 2 was extracted with 800 ml of petroleum ether by homogenizing in the presence of 200 g of dry sodium sulfate. The tissue residues and salts were filtered off, the precipitate was washed with 2 × 100 ml of petroleum ether and the washings were combined with the extract. The solvent was distilled off in vacuo from the lipid solution thus obtained, 91 g of slightly yellow oil was obtained, the fatty acid composition being identical with that of the product obtained in example 2.
Example 5
During processing of one year old silver carp, fatty tissue was collected from the abdominal cavity. The material was stored in plastic container filled with ice and transported to the place of extraction at the temperature of melting ice.
5000 g of fatty tissue were placed into 20 1 stainless container provided with Turrax stirrer, 5 1 of water of 70 to 80 °C were added and the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes . 2 × 500 ml of water were then added and after each addition the mixture was stirred for a few seconds. The equipment was cooled with water streamed through the cooling cap. After the temperature was decreased to 30 °C , the material was allowed to stand until an oily layer appeared on the surface of the aqueous suspension. The oil was removed by sucking with decanting pipe and the aqueous phase containing no oil was discarded. The oil was dried by filtering or separating thus obtaining 4650 g of slight yellow material. Example 6
3 breams /Abramis brama/ weighing 250 g each were processed by removing the viscera from the abdominal cavity and the fatty tissues were collected. Thus, 30 g of fat tissue was obtained which was crushed with blade homogenizer in the presence of 100 ml petroleum ether. The homogenizate was filtered and the filtrate was dried over dry sodium sulfate. The petroleum ether was distilled off in vacuo and an aliquot of the 25 g colourless fat sample thus obtained was methylated and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The analysis data were compared with the triglyceride contents isolated from North Sea salmon /Salmon salar/.
Fatty acid Bream Salmon
Fat from abdominal Muscle triglyceride cavity
14:0 6,6 6,6 16:0 11 ,9 9,0 18:0 0,5 0,2
16:1 omega-9 12,5 6,3 18:1 omega-9 20,6 21,3 20:1 omega-9 1,2 21,3 22:1 omega-9 - 13,5 18:2 omega-6 7,9 4,1 20:2 omega-6 0,2 0,2 20:3 omega-6 0,1 0,2 20:4 omega-6 5,3 0,6 22:4 omega-6 0,6 - 18:3 omega-3 7,3 1,0 18:4 omege-3 2,8 2,7 20:2 omega-3 0,6 0,6 20:5 omega-3 8,3 4.8 22: 5 omega-3 1,5 1,4
22: 6 omega-3 5,4 7, 2 ------ ------------- --- -- - ---- --- --- -------- -------- ---- - -
Example 7 In the oil obtained according to any of the examples 3, 4 or 5 releasing of fatty acids was performed by dissolving the oil in 10-fold volume of petroleum ether and ethanolic potassium hydroxide in equivalent amount to the fatty acids present was added thereto. The system was allowed to stand for 10 to 16 hours at ambient temperature. During this period saponification of the triglyceride s took place . A fter cca. 12 hours equivalent amount of water was added to the reaction mixture, mixed and the layers were allowed to separate by allowing to stand or by separation. The upper petroleum ether layer was discarded while the lower layer contained the potassium salt of fatty acids which were decomposed by acidifying to pH = 4,0 by the addition of hydrochloric acid, thus liberating the fatty acid. The free fatty acids were extracted from the aqueous solution into petroleum ether and then the solvent was distilled off, thus obtaining an oil.
Example 8 From the fatty acids in the oil obtained according to any of examples 3, 4 and 5 methyl esters were formed by adding to the oil sodium methσxide dissolved in half volume of methanol. The sodium methoxide added was in molar equivalent with the fatty acid content. The reaction mixture was allow ed to stand at room temperature for 10 to 16 hours and then a 10-fold volume of petroleum ether based on the fatty acids and water in an amount necessary for the separation of layers were added. The lower layer was discarded , the petroleum ether solution was washed with water and the solvent was distilled off. The oil thus obtained contained fatty add methyl esters.
Example 9
The treatment of the free fatty acids obtained according to example 7 or the fatty acid methyl esters obtained according to example 8 for enriching in fatty acids of higher unsaturation grade was performed as follows :
From the oil materials 20 % methanolic solutions were prepared to which 20-fold quantity of urea dissolved in methanol based on the molecular weight of the fatty acids present was added. The quantity of methanol was chosen so that the fatty acid concentration of the final solution would be 10 %. The reaction mixture was allow ed to stand at 3 to 5 C for 24 hours. During this time the main amount of the saturated mono- and diene fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters , respectively, formed an adduct with the urea which crystallized from the system. The crystals were filtered off under the same temperature , while cooling. The filtrate was diluted to double volume by water , the polyene fatty acids were extracted into petroleum ether and recovered by distilling off the solvent. Figures 3 and 4 show the urea purification of fatty acids obtained from fat tissues of silver carp by hot water extraction, saponification and liberation. Fig. 3 shows the fatty acid composition of the starting oil. Fig. 4 shows the analysis of the polyenerich fatty acid mixture obtained by adduct forming according to the present example. For preserving the fat tissue , if desired, deep freezing, or addition of antioxidants, e. g . 0, 1 % of tokoferol or 0,05 % of butylated hydroxytoluene can be used. The solvent extraction can be carried out e . g. in counter-current extractor while the aqueous extraction may be accomplished in autoclave by steaming the fat tissue .
The free fatty acids may also be liberated in. buffered aqueous medium by enzymatic decomposition, e. g. with lipase.
The urea complex forming can be performed by heating at 50 to 70 °C for 30 to 60 minutes. To precipitate the adduct, the system is cooled below 30 °C .
The fatty acids can also be extracted from the aqueous solution thereof with other fat solvents, e. g. n-hexane , benzene, ethylacetate, etc. Before distilling off the solvent, those containing water, e . g. ethyl acetate, should be dried with sodium sulfate, resin treatment, etc.

Claims

Claims
1. Process for preparing alimentation complementary composition containing omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids by extracting lipids from fishes, characterized in that as fish Hypophthalmichthis or bream /Abramis/ species are used and, if desired, the extract is purified by urea complex forming.
2. The process according to claim 1, characterized by using a Hypophthalmichthis species.
3. T he process according to claim 2, characte ri zed by using bred Hypophthalmichthis species.
4. The process according to any of claims 2 and 3, ch aracterized by using silver carp or big head carp.
5. The process according to claim 1, c haracteri zed by using bream /Abramis brama/.
6. The process of any of claims 1 to 5, ch aracte ri z ed by using the abdominal cavity fat of fishes as the starting material for extraction.
PCT/HU1988/000027 1987-04-23 1988-04-22 Process for preparing oil composition WO1988008444A1 (en)

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US6340705B1 (en) * 1999-09-10 2002-01-22 Monsanto Technology, Llc Use of α-linolenic acid metabolites for treatment or prevention of cancer

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Cited By (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1989011521A1 (en) * 1988-05-27 1989-11-30 Staroil Limited Process for preparing polyunsaturated fatty acids
GR890100345A (en) * 1988-05-27 1991-10-10 Staroil Ltd Process for preparing high concentration mixtures of polysaturated fatty acids and their esters from oils of animal and or vegetable origin
US5502077A (en) * 1988-08-11 1996-03-26 Norsk Hydro A.S. Fatty acid composition
US5656667A (en) * 1988-08-11 1997-08-12 Norsk Hydro As Fatty acid composition
US5698594A (en) * 1988-08-11 1997-12-16 Norsk Hydro A.S Treatment and prevention of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
US7678930B2 (en) 2002-07-11 2010-03-16 Pronova Biopharma Norge As Process for decreasing the amount of cholesterol in a marine oil using a volatile working fluid
US7718698B2 (en) 2002-07-11 2010-05-18 Pronova Biopharma Norge As Process for decreasing environmental pollutants in an oil or a fat
US7732488B2 (en) 2002-07-11 2010-06-08 Pronova Biopharma Norge As Pharmaceutical composition comprising low concentrations of environmental pollutants
CN102031201A (en) * 2010-11-03 2011-04-27 西安应化生物技术有限公司 Molecular distillation and purification method for conjugated linolenic acid
CN102031201B (en) * 2010-11-03 2012-08-15 西安应化生物技术有限公司 Molecular distillation and purification method for conjugated linolenic acid

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