US3176468A - Block for absorbing water flow energy - Google Patents

Block for absorbing water flow energy Download PDF

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Publication number
US3176468A
US3176468A US176024A US17602462A US3176468A US 3176468 A US3176468 A US 3176468A US 176024 A US176024 A US 176024A US 17602462 A US17602462 A US 17602462A US 3176468 A US3176468 A US 3176468A
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legs
block
flat
body member
faces
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US176024A
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Nagai Shoshichiro
Takada Akira
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/129—Polyhedrons, tetrapods or similar bodies, whether or not threaded on strings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to concrete blocks to be located at the seaside or the riverside, and its object is to obtain concrete blocks which absorb and disperse the energy of moving water such as the force of a wave or the flow of a river, and yet can be stable enough against water pressure or a drag force caused by moving water.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan View of a block according to the invention. 7
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the block of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of a stack of blocks like the block of FIGS. 1 and 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of the stack of blocks of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the stack of blocks of FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 The block for use as a member for resisting and dissipating the kinetic forces of water is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as comprising a flat, substantially rectangular body 1 having two flat faces on opposite sides of the block and four edge faces around the periphery of the bloc.
  • the block has a central aperture 6 therethrough from one flat face to the other flat face.
  • Legs 2 are located at corresponding positions on each corner of each flat face of the body 1, said legs 2 being congruent and each having a substantially square cross section and projecting from the flat faces of said body 1.
  • the legs on each pair of adjacent corners of said body 1 are spaced from each other a distance which is at least slightly greater than the total dimension of the terminal ends of the legs remote from the flat surfaces in the direction in which the legs 2 are spaced.
  • the spacing of the legs 2 on adjacent corners in any plane parallel to the respective flat faces and lying between the base of the legs and the terminal ends of the legs is at least as great as said aforementioned distance.
  • the spaces are shown in FIG. 2 as 4 and 5.
  • the rectangular body 1 extends at least part way into the space between each pair of adjacent legs 2, as shown at 3.
  • the body 1 extends to the outside surfaces of said legs, and the body has a recess 7 in each edge face between adjacent corner legs 2. These recesses extend from one fiat face to the other fiat face and extend toward the center of the body a distance less than the thickness of the adjacent corner legs 2 at the base thereof.
  • the present invention may be used as wave diminishing blocks at the seaside, in which a is a breakwater and b is a rubble mound. On this rubble mound b, many blocks are regularly arranged both longitudinally and laterally, and piled up in such a manner that there are formed two layers, three layers and so on.
  • the present invention has the advantage that, because of the regular arrangement of blocks, the interlocking of one block with the other is strong, therefore the stability of the block is high and accordingly there is no fear of overturning and sliding of the blocks, and that the permeability of the spaces 3, 4 and 5 plays a great role in the absorption of the energy of moving water.
  • a block for use as a member for resisting and dissipating the kinetic forces of water comprising a fiat substantially rectangular body member having two flat faces on opposite sides of the block and four edge faces around the periphery of said block, said block having a central aperture therethrough from one flat face to the other flat face, legs at corresponding positions on each corner of each flat face of said body member, said legs being congruent and each having a substantially square cross section and projecting from said flat faces, said legs on each pair of adjacent corners of said body member having the bases thereof at the said flat faces spaced from each other a distance which is at least slightly greater than the total dimension of the terminal ends of the legs remote from the fiat faces in the direction in which they are spaced, the spacing of said legs on adjacent corners in any plane parallel to said respective fiat faces and lying between the base of said legs and the terminal ends thereof being at least as great as said distance, said rectangular body member extending at least part way into the space between each pair of adjacent legs.
  • a block as claimed in claim 1 in which the said body member extends to the outside surfaces of said legs, and said body member has a recess in each edge face between adjacent corner legs, said recess extending from one fiat face to the other flat face and extending toward the center of the body member a distance less than the thickness of the adjacent corner legs at the base thereof.

Description

April 6, 1965 SHOSHICHIRO NAGAl ETAL 3,
BLOCK FOR ABSORBING WATER FLOW ENERGY 'i' 'il F'iled Feb. 27, 1962 1NVENTOR5 United States Patent 3,176,468 BLOCK FOR ABSOING WATER FLOW ENERGY Shoshichiro Nagai, 10 Nogami-Dori-Z-ehome, Talrarazuka, Hyogo-ken, Japan, and Akira Takada, Takashi Takada, 16 Omiya-Cho-S-chome, Asahi-ku, Osaka,
Japan Filed Feb. 27, 1962, Ser. No. 176,024 2 Claims. (Cl. 61-4) The present invention relates to concrete blocks to be located at the seaside or the riverside, and its object is to obtain concrete blocks which absorb and disperse the energy of moving water such as the force of a wave or the flow of a river, and yet can be stable enough against water pressure or a drag force caused by moving water.
The invention Will be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan View of a block according to the invention; 7
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the block of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of a stack of blocks like the block of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the stack of blocks of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the stack of blocks of FIG. 3.
The block for use as a member for resisting and dissipating the kinetic forces of water is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as comprising a flat, substantially rectangular body 1 having two flat faces on opposite sides of the block and four edge faces around the periphery of the bloc. The block has a central aperture 6 therethrough from one flat face to the other flat face. Legs 2 are located at corresponding positions on each corner of each flat face of the body 1, said legs 2 being congruent and each having a substantially square cross section and projecting from the flat faces of said body 1. The legs on each pair of adjacent corners of said body 1 are spaced from each other a distance which is at least slightly greater than the total dimension of the terminal ends of the legs remote from the flat surfaces in the direction in which the legs 2 are spaced. The spacing of the legs 2 on adjacent corners in any plane parallel to the respective flat faces and lying between the base of the legs and the terminal ends of the legs is at least as great as said aforementioned distance. The spaces are shown in FIG. 2 as 4 and 5. The rectangular body 1 extends at least part way into the space between each pair of adjacent legs 2, as shown at 3. In the embodiment shown, the body 1 extends to the outside surfaces of said legs, and the body has a recess 7 in each edge face between adjacent corner legs 2. These recesses extend from one fiat face to the other fiat face and extend toward the center of the body a distance less than the thickness of the adjacent corner legs 2 at the base thereof.
As seen in FIGS. 3-5, the present invention may be used as wave diminishing blocks at the seaside, in which a is a breakwater and b is a rubble mound. On this rubble mound b, many blocks are regularly arranged both longitudinally and laterally, and piled up in such a manner that there are formed two layers, three layers and so on.
When the blocks are piled up in the manner described, a wave coming from the direction marked by E in FIG.
5 penetrates into the layers of blocks through front spaces h, i, j (FIG. 3) left between the adjacent blocks. At that time, the energy of water is absorbed and dispersed by the frictional resistance and the turbulence produced in the layers. Moreover, the engagement of one block with the other and the mutual interlocking of the blocks is so strong that these blocks can resist the force of the wave as one body.
Next, in case of a backwash, water goes out easily through the spaces 3, 4, 5 and 6 without a strong uplift pressure and drag force caused by the backwash. The present invention has the advantage that, because of the regular arrangement of blocks, the interlocking of one block with the other is strong, therefore the stability of the block is high and accordingly there is no fear of overturning and sliding of the blocks, and that the permeability of the spaces 3, 4 and 5 plays a great role in the absorption of the energy of moving water.
We claim as our invention:
1. A block for use as a member for resisting and dissipating the kinetic forces of water, said block comprising a fiat substantially rectangular body member having two flat faces on opposite sides of the block and four edge faces around the periphery of said block, said block having a central aperture therethrough from one flat face to the other flat face, legs at corresponding positions on each corner of each flat face of said body member, said legs being congruent and each having a substantially square cross section and projecting from said flat faces, said legs on each pair of adjacent corners of said body member having the bases thereof at the said flat faces spaced from each other a distance which is at least slightly greater than the total dimension of the terminal ends of the legs remote from the fiat faces in the direction in which they are spaced, the spacing of said legs on adjacent corners in any plane parallel to said respective fiat faces and lying between the base of said legs and the terminal ends thereof being at least as great as said distance, said rectangular body member extending at least part way into the space between each pair of adjacent legs.
2. A block as claimed in claim 1 in which the said body member extends to the outside surfaces of said legs, and said body member has a recess in each edge face between adjacent corner legs, said recess extending from one fiat face to the other flat face and extending toward the center of the body member a distance less than the thickness of the adjacent corner legs at the base thereof.
References Cited by tlieExaminer UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,422,258 7/22 Emery 50--453 2,241,169 5/41 Yokes 50-452 X 2,474,786 6/49 Humphrey 61-4 2,909,037 10/59 Palmer 61-4 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,695 1882 Great Britain. 850,135 9/60 Great Britain.
JACOB L. NACKENOFF, Primary Examiner.
EARL J. WITMER, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A BLOCK FOR USE AS A MEMBER FOR RESISTING AND DISSIPATING THE KINETIC FORCES OF WATER, SAID BLOCK COMPRISING A FLAT SUBSTANTIALLY RECTANGULAR BODY MEMBER HAVING TWO FLAT FACES ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE BLOCK AND FOUR EDGE FACES AROUND THE PERIPHERY OF SAID BLOCK, SAID BLOCK HAVING A CENTRAL APERTURE THERETHROUGH FROM ONE FLAT FACE TO THE OTHER FLAT FACE, LEGS AT CORRESPONDING POSITIONS ON EACH CORNER OF EACH FLAT FACE OF SAID BODY MEMBER, SAID LEGS BEING CONGRUENT AND EACH HAVING A SUBSTANTIALLY SQUARE CROSS SECTION AND PROJECTING FROM SAID FLAT FACES, SAID LEGS ON EACH PAIR OF ADJACENT CORNERS OF SAID BODY MEMBER HAVING THE A BASES THEREOF AT THE SAID FLAT FACES SPACED FROM EACH OTHER A DISTANCE WHICH IS AT LEAST SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN THE TOTAL DIMENSION OF THE TERMINAL ENDS OF THE LEGS REMOTE FROM THE FLAT FACES IN THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THEY ARE SPACED, THE SPACING OF SAID LEGS ON ADJACENT CORNERS IN ANY PLANE PARALLEL TO SAID RESPECTIVE FLAT FACES AND LYING BETWEEN THE BASE OF SAID LEGS AND THE TERMINAL ENDS THEREOF BEING AT LEAST AS GREAT AS SAID DISTANCE, SAID RECTANGULAR BODY MEMBER EXTENDING AT LEAST PART WAY INTO THE SPACE BETWEEN EACH PAIR OF ADJACENT LEGS.
US176024A 1962-02-27 1962-02-27 Block for absorbing water flow energy Expired - Lifetime US3176468A (en)

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Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3375667A (en) * 1966-06-13 1968-04-02 Carl G. Hard Revetment structure and units therefor
US3421417A (en) * 1965-11-17 1969-01-14 Jan Carel Pilaar Pavement
US3488964A (en) * 1967-11-27 1970-01-13 Giken Kogyo Kk Concrete block
US3557669A (en) * 1968-06-19 1971-01-26 Matthew Robert Fenton Paving block and paving formed therewith
US3597928A (en) * 1967-12-22 1971-08-10 Jan Carel Pilaar Erosion control
US3597925A (en) * 1968-09-30 1971-08-10 Sugiaki Kusatake Retaining wall block
US3759043A (en) * 1968-09-19 1973-09-18 K Tokunaga Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works
US3894397A (en) * 1974-08-05 1975-07-15 Samuel S Fair Beach erosion control structure
US4083190A (en) * 1976-05-10 1978-04-11 Raul Pey Fundamental armor module in breakwater net linked system
US4188153A (en) * 1976-03-31 1980-02-12 Taylor John E Formation of barriers
US4318642A (en) * 1977-09-05 1982-03-09 Bells & Mills Limited Walls
US4347017A (en) * 1979-02-14 1982-08-31 Societe Grenobloise D'etudes Et D'applications Hydrauliques (Sogreah) Barrier block for protecting coastal and riverside structures
US4370075A (en) * 1980-10-28 1983-01-25 Nicolon Corporation Revetment grids and mats
US4479740A (en) * 1979-08-21 1984-10-30 Paul A. Kakuris Erosion control device and method of making and installing same
US4594023A (en) * 1984-10-11 1986-06-10 Neill Raymond J O Breakwater construction element
US4781492A (en) * 1986-03-31 1988-11-01 Kyowa Concrete Kogyo Co. Ltd. Block for revetment
US4896996A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-01-30 Mouton William J Wave actuated coastal erosion reversal system for shorelines
US4978247A (en) * 1986-05-05 1990-12-18 Lenson Walter J Erosion control device
US4998844A (en) * 1989-01-23 1991-03-12 Charles C. Garvey, Jr. Wave actuated coastal erosion reversal system for shorelines
US5071285A (en) * 1990-03-26 1991-12-10 Doren David A Van Artificial reef
US5402609A (en) * 1992-08-13 1995-04-04 Kelley, Jr.; Michael L. Concrete building block system
WO1995009279A1 (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-04-06 United States Of America Department Of The Army U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US5651642A (en) * 1995-03-17 1997-07-29 Kelley, Jr.; Michael L. Concrete building blocks
US6059490A (en) * 1998-05-05 2000-05-09 Kauppi; Frederick J. Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same
US6508042B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-01-21 Hyuck-Min Kweon Middle armor block for a coastal structure and a method for placement of its block
US6666619B2 (en) * 2001-04-24 2003-12-23 Won-Hoi Yang Protective wall assembly
US20040265060A1 (en) * 2001-10-26 2004-12-30 Lee Keun-Hee Method for constructing scour protection of bridge and stabilization of stream bed using block mat
US6896445B1 (en) 2004-01-05 2005-05-24 Eric Engler Modular artificial reef, sea wall and marine habitat
US20050158122A1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2005-07-21 Keun Hee Lee Method for contructing check dam or fire prevention dam using gear-type block
US20080229698A1 (en) * 2004-05-10 2008-09-25 Ercument Fevzi Ulguner Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof
US20090117311A1 (en) * 2007-04-13 2009-05-07 Microth, Inc. Interlocking spatial components
US20100104366A1 (en) * 2007-01-31 2010-04-29 Melby Jeffrey A Armor Unit
USRE42259E1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2011-03-29 Campbell Matthew D Biologically-dominated artificial reef
WO2015026745A3 (en) * 2013-08-19 2015-05-14 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Systems for reducing surface erosion
USD789557S1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-06-13 Steel Flower Co., Ltd. Wave dissipating block
US10053832B2 (en) 2011-01-10 2018-08-21 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes
USD925068S1 (en) * 2019-07-05 2021-07-13 Ecoform Pty Ltd Supporting central pier for a paving system
US20210362070A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2021-11-25 Q-Ba-Maze Inc. Interconnecting modular pathway apparatus
ES2885772A1 (en) * 2020-06-11 2021-12-15 Univ Cordoba STACKABLE MODULAR ELEMENT FOR DAM CONSTRUCTION (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1422258A (en) * 1921-01-10 1922-07-11 Self Lay Block & Machine Compa Building block
US2241169A (en) * 1937-12-08 1941-05-06 Yokes Otto Building construction
US2474786A (en) * 1946-09-09 1949-06-28 Harvey J Humphrey Permeable breakwater
US2909037A (en) * 1958-10-27 1959-10-20 Robert Q Palmer Component for rubble-mound breakwaters
GB850135A (en) * 1958-07-23 1960-09-28 Harry Ridehalgh Improvements relating to blocks for forming or protecting marine structures

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1422258A (en) * 1921-01-10 1922-07-11 Self Lay Block & Machine Compa Building block
US2241169A (en) * 1937-12-08 1941-05-06 Yokes Otto Building construction
US2474786A (en) * 1946-09-09 1949-06-28 Harvey J Humphrey Permeable breakwater
GB850135A (en) * 1958-07-23 1960-09-28 Harry Ridehalgh Improvements relating to blocks for forming or protecting marine structures
US2909037A (en) * 1958-10-27 1959-10-20 Robert Q Palmer Component for rubble-mound breakwaters

Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3421417A (en) * 1965-11-17 1969-01-14 Jan Carel Pilaar Pavement
US3375667A (en) * 1966-06-13 1968-04-02 Carl G. Hard Revetment structure and units therefor
US3488964A (en) * 1967-11-27 1970-01-13 Giken Kogyo Kk Concrete block
US3597928A (en) * 1967-12-22 1971-08-10 Jan Carel Pilaar Erosion control
US3557669A (en) * 1968-06-19 1971-01-26 Matthew Robert Fenton Paving block and paving formed therewith
US3759043A (en) * 1968-09-19 1973-09-18 K Tokunaga Molds for use in manufacturing energy dissipating concrete blocks for river and marine works
US3597925A (en) * 1968-09-30 1971-08-10 Sugiaki Kusatake Retaining wall block
US3894397A (en) * 1974-08-05 1975-07-15 Samuel S Fair Beach erosion control structure
US4188153A (en) * 1976-03-31 1980-02-12 Taylor John E Formation of barriers
US4083190A (en) * 1976-05-10 1978-04-11 Raul Pey Fundamental armor module in breakwater net linked system
US4318642A (en) * 1977-09-05 1982-03-09 Bells & Mills Limited Walls
US4347017A (en) * 1979-02-14 1982-08-31 Societe Grenobloise D'etudes Et D'applications Hydrauliques (Sogreah) Barrier block for protecting coastal and riverside structures
US4479740A (en) * 1979-08-21 1984-10-30 Paul A. Kakuris Erosion control device and method of making and installing same
US4370075A (en) * 1980-10-28 1983-01-25 Nicolon Corporation Revetment grids and mats
US4594023A (en) * 1984-10-11 1986-06-10 Neill Raymond J O Breakwater construction element
US4781492A (en) * 1986-03-31 1988-11-01 Kyowa Concrete Kogyo Co. Ltd. Block for revetment
US4978247A (en) * 1986-05-05 1990-12-18 Lenson Walter J Erosion control device
US4896996A (en) * 1989-01-23 1990-01-30 Mouton William J Wave actuated coastal erosion reversal system for shorelines
US4998844A (en) * 1989-01-23 1991-03-12 Charles C. Garvey, Jr. Wave actuated coastal erosion reversal system for shorelines
US5071285A (en) * 1990-03-26 1991-12-10 Doren David A Van Artificial reef
WO1993008335A1 (en) * 1990-03-26 1993-04-29 Doren David A Van Artificial reef
US5402609A (en) * 1992-08-13 1995-04-04 Kelley, Jr.; Michael L. Concrete building block system
AU675167B2 (en) * 1993-09-30 1997-01-23 United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army, The Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US5441362A (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-08-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit for protecting coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
WO1995009279A1 (en) * 1993-09-30 1995-04-06 United States Of America Department Of The Army U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US5620280A (en) * 1993-09-30 1997-04-15 U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Concrete armor unit to protect coastal and hydraulic structures and shorelines
US5651642A (en) * 1995-03-17 1997-07-29 Kelley, Jr.; Michael L. Concrete building blocks
US6059490A (en) * 1998-05-05 2000-05-09 Kauppi; Frederick J. Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway and methods of constructing and using the same
US6443654B1 (en) 1998-05-05 2002-09-03 Frederick J. Kauppi Hydraulic energy dissipating offset stepped spillway
US6508042B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2003-01-21 Hyuck-Min Kweon Middle armor block for a coastal structure and a method for placement of its block
US6666619B2 (en) * 2001-04-24 2003-12-23 Won-Hoi Yang Protective wall assembly
US20040265060A1 (en) * 2001-10-26 2004-12-30 Lee Keun-Hee Method for constructing scour protection of bridge and stabilization of stream bed using block mat
US20050158122A1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2005-07-21 Keun Hee Lee Method for contructing check dam or fire prevention dam using gear-type block
US6896445B1 (en) 2004-01-05 2005-05-24 Eric Engler Modular artificial reef, sea wall and marine habitat
US20080229698A1 (en) * 2004-05-10 2008-09-25 Ercument Fevzi Ulguner Modular Building Elements For Constructing Retaining Wall and the Construction Method Thereof
US20210362070A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2021-11-25 Q-Ba-Maze Inc. Interconnecting modular pathway apparatus
USRE42259E1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2011-03-29 Campbell Matthew D Biologically-dominated artificial reef
US20100104366A1 (en) * 2007-01-31 2010-04-29 Melby Jeffrey A Armor Unit
US8132985B2 (en) 2007-01-31 2012-03-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Armor unit
US20090117311A1 (en) * 2007-04-13 2009-05-07 Microth, Inc. Interlocking spatial components
US8567149B2 (en) * 2007-04-13 2013-10-29 Microth, Inc. Interlocking spatial components
US10053832B2 (en) 2011-01-10 2018-08-21 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Molded concrete U-wall construction block employing a metal reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein for multiple purposes
US10443206B2 (en) 2011-01-10 2019-10-15 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Block reinforcement cage having stem reinforcement portions with open apertures formed therein, for use in reinforcing a molded concrete U-wall construction block
WO2015026745A3 (en) * 2013-08-19 2015-05-14 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Systems for reducing surface erosion
US9644334B2 (en) 2013-08-19 2017-05-09 Stable Concrete Structures, Inc. Methods of and systems for controlling water flow, breaking water waves and reducing surface erosion along rivers, streams, waterways and coastal regions
USD789557S1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-06-13 Steel Flower Co., Ltd. Wave dissipating block
USD925068S1 (en) * 2019-07-05 2021-07-13 Ecoform Pty Ltd Supporting central pier for a paving system
ES2885772A1 (en) * 2020-06-11 2021-12-15 Univ Cordoba STACKABLE MODULAR ELEMENT FOR DAM CONSTRUCTION (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

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