CA2017759A1 - Method of welding stainless steel studs - Google Patents
Method of welding stainless steel studsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2017759A1 CA2017759A1 CA002017759A CA2017759A CA2017759A1 CA 2017759 A1 CA2017759 A1 CA 2017759A1 CA 002017759 A CA002017759 A CA 002017759A CA 2017759 A CA2017759 A CA 2017759A CA 2017759 A1 CA2017759 A1 CA 2017759A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- stud
- steel
- stainless steel
- equivalent
- weld
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe].[Ni] BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010963 304 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001182 Mo alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000589 SAE 304 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000161 steel melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0288—Welding studs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/20—Stud welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/308—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent
- B23K35/3086—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent containing Ni or Mn
Abstract
W.E. 55,065 Abstract A method of stud welding stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components with formation of a ductile weld therebetween. The chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent of the steel component is determined and a stainless steel stud provided that has a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon dilution thereof by steel of the component during stud welding, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in the resulting weld structure, and stud welding the specified stainless steel stud to the steel component.
Description
~V177~9 -1- W.E. 55,065 METHOD OF WELD~NG STAINLESS STEEL STUDS
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of stud welding of stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components so as to produce a ductile weld.
Backqround of the Invention Stud welding is a general term for joining a metal stud to a workpiece such as a metal plate. A
particularly useful stud welding technique is stud arc welding which involves the joining of the base or end of a stud to the workpiece by heating them with an arc drawn between the two components. After proper heating of the two components they are brought together under pressure, such as by use of a stud weldin~ gun, with melting of a portion of the stud and the other component or base metal. The most common stud materials that are welded with the arc weld process are low carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Generally, in such welding, the stainless steel melt of the stud is diluted from a carbon steel or low alloy steel melt in the weld in an amount of about 20 to 50 percent by weight.
Although stainless steel studs, typically 304 stainless steel, are routinely welded to carbon steel or low alloy steel plate, the problem always exists of the lack of ductility of the weld. ~ecause of the lack of ductility, some normal tests are not met, sucb as the normal ASME Section IX QW 192.1, 15 bend and re-straighten ~017759 -2- W.E. 55,065 test of the Boiler and Pressure code. The AWS Dl.l bend test requirement of 7.6.5 is considerably more severe than the ASME requirement so this also cannot be achieved by routine welding of stainless steel studs to carbon steel base plate.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for stud welding stainless steel studs to a carbon steel or low alloy steel componen~ in a manner that produces a ductile weld metal.
Summary of the Invention With this object in view, the present invention resides in a method of stud welding stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components, such as plates, and producing a ductile weld therebetween by estimating the dilution percentage of component metal and the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent of steel component, then providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which upon stud welding to the steel component, with dilution thereof from the steel of the component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in the resulting weld structure, and stud welding the required stainless steel stud to the steel component. During the stud welding of the required stainless steel stud to the steel component, the weld metal, which is an admixture of stud metal and the steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus provide a ductile weld between the stainless steel stud and the carbon steel or low alloy steel component.
Brief Description of the DrawingLs The invention will become more readily apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof shown, by way of example only, in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
~()177~9 -3- W.E. 55,Q65 Figure 1 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition patterned after a Schaeffler diagram showing a conventional stud welding composition formed by stud welding a conventional stainless steel stud;
Figure 2 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition patterned after a Schaeffler diagram illustrating the present invention for stainless steel stud welding with carbon steel components; and Figure 3 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition as in Figure 1 illustrating the present invention for stainless steel stud welding with low alloy steel components.
Detailed Description In the present method, a ductile stud weld between a stainless steel stud and a carbon steel or low alloy steel component is provided by the use of specially controlled chemistry austenitic materials that are capable of producing an austenite plus ferrite microstructure in the resulting weld structure which retains the ductility with the dilution encountered from the carbon steel or low alloy steel component.
The component to which the stainless steel stud is welded, ~ccording to the present invention is composed of carbon steel or a low alloy steel. Pressure vessel carbon steels are those steels which contain a carbon content that does not exceed 0.4 percent by weight and, in addition to carbon, contain small amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur - derived from the raw materials and ~uel used in the steelmaking process. The term "low alloy steels" as used herein describes steels containinq alloying ingredients as described in the 1983 Edition, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Table UCS-23 20177~9 -4- W.E. 55,065 Section VIII - Division 1, pp 258-264 which describes the Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel.
The stud that is welded to the carbon or low alloy steel component is composed of austenitic stainless steel, which steel contains in excess of about 18 percent by weight chromium and at least 8 percent nickel.
According to the present invention, the chromium equivalent and the nickel equivalent of the carbon steel or low alloy steel component are determined and a stainless steel stud provided that has a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent which, upon stud welding with dilution with the steel component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in the resulting weld. For the purposes of the present invention, the chromium equ~valent is a value expressed by the following formula:
CR equivalent = ~C~ + %Mo + 1.5 x ~Si + 0.5 x %Cb;
while the nickel equivalent is a value expressed by the following formula:
Ni equivalent = ~Ni + 30 x %C + 0.5 x %Mn.
Durin~ stud welding, the molten metal at the end of the stud is diluted by molten metal from the component to which it is welded. Such dilution is generally in the range of about 20 to 50 percent by weight, more generally 20 to 40 percent by weight, with a 30 percent by weight dilution being typical. Also, the present invention is concerned only with stud welding where no additional metal is added to the weld, with the resulting weld containing only metal from the stud and the steel component to which the stud welded.
The standard austenitic stud used for stud welding to carbon steel is AISI304. By referring to Figure 1, for explanation purposes, the chromium equivalent of the carbon steel can be assumed to be 0.45 and the nickel equivalent 7.8 (Point X). For a 304 austenitic stud, the 20177~9 -5- W.E. 55,065 chromium equivalent can be assumed to be 20 and nickel equivalent to be 11.3 (Point Y). The resultant weld, assuming 30 percent dilution (Point Z), is brittle austenitic plus martensitic structure. The desired austenitic weld structure as repeatedly shown in the technical literature is austenite plus delta ferrite.
Refecring now to Figure 2, the application of the present method to the stud welding of a stainless steel stud to a carbon steel component to produce a ductile weld is illustrated. For explanatory purposes, the chromium equivalent of the carbon steel is assumed to be [0+0+(1.5x0.3)+0=0.45] and the nickel equivalent is assumed to be [0+(30x0.25)+(0.5x0.8)=7.8] (Point X). As illustrated, if an austenitic stainless steel stud with a chromium equivalent of 32 and a nickel equivalent of 12.7 (Point Y) is used, the resultant weld, assuming about 30 percent dilution of the stainless steel stud metal with carbon steel metal, would structurally be austenite plus ferrite and consequently ductile (Point Z). The austenite plus ferrite composition of the resulting weld is that falling within the area bounded by llne abcd in the drawing.
In Figure 3, there is illustrated the application of the present method to the stud welding of a stainless steel stud to a low alloy steel component. For explanatory purposes, the low alloy steel component, a steel containing 2.2S percent Cr - 1 percent Mo alloy content would provide a chromium equivalent of 4 and a nickel equivalent of 5 (Point X). If an austenitic stainless steel stud with a chromium equivalent of 32 and a nickel equivalent of 12.7 (Point Y) is used, with 30 percent dilution resulting, the same would provide a weld that would structurally be austenite plus ferrite and consequently ductile (Point Z).
Again, a composition falling within the area bounded by ~0177~9 -6- W.E. 55,065 line abcd would provide an austenite plus ferrite structure in the resulting weld.
Conventionally available materials can be obtained that have a sufficient Cr/Ni eguivalent ratio that will produce an austenite plus ferrite ductile stud weld with about 30 percent dilution with carbon or low alloy steels. For example, an austenitic stainless steel stud containing about 29 percent by weight chromium and about 9 percent nickel, such as 312 in ASME SFA 5.9 (Type ER312) or wrought equivalent will produce the desired metallurgical structure and a weld with sufficient ductility to pass the aforementioned bend test. If a higher Cr equivalent is needed to produce the desired chemistry due to a dilution percentage in excess of 30 percent a selected chemistry 312 stainless steel can be obtained or a special chemistry stainless developed for this use.
The present invention thus provides a method for stainless steel stud arc welding to carbon steel or low . . .
alloy steel components where the composition of the stud is metallurgically to produce a controlled chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent ratio capable of producing a ductile weld structure in the resultant weld.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of stud welding of stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components so as to produce a ductile weld.
Backqround of the Invention Stud welding is a general term for joining a metal stud to a workpiece such as a metal plate. A
particularly useful stud welding technique is stud arc welding which involves the joining of the base or end of a stud to the workpiece by heating them with an arc drawn between the two components. After proper heating of the two components they are brought together under pressure, such as by use of a stud weldin~ gun, with melting of a portion of the stud and the other component or base metal. The most common stud materials that are welded with the arc weld process are low carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Generally, in such welding, the stainless steel melt of the stud is diluted from a carbon steel or low alloy steel melt in the weld in an amount of about 20 to 50 percent by weight.
Although stainless steel studs, typically 304 stainless steel, are routinely welded to carbon steel or low alloy steel plate, the problem always exists of the lack of ductility of the weld. ~ecause of the lack of ductility, some normal tests are not met, sucb as the normal ASME Section IX QW 192.1, 15 bend and re-straighten ~017759 -2- W.E. 55,065 test of the Boiler and Pressure code. The AWS Dl.l bend test requirement of 7.6.5 is considerably more severe than the ASME requirement so this also cannot be achieved by routine welding of stainless steel studs to carbon steel base plate.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for stud welding stainless steel studs to a carbon steel or low alloy steel componen~ in a manner that produces a ductile weld metal.
Summary of the Invention With this object in view, the present invention resides in a method of stud welding stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components, such as plates, and producing a ductile weld therebetween by estimating the dilution percentage of component metal and the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent of steel component, then providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which upon stud welding to the steel component, with dilution thereof from the steel of the component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in the resulting weld structure, and stud welding the required stainless steel stud to the steel component. During the stud welding of the required stainless steel stud to the steel component, the weld metal, which is an admixture of stud metal and the steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus provide a ductile weld between the stainless steel stud and the carbon steel or low alloy steel component.
Brief Description of the DrawingLs The invention will become more readily apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof shown, by way of example only, in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
~()177~9 -3- W.E. 55,Q65 Figure 1 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition patterned after a Schaeffler diagram showing a conventional stud welding composition formed by stud welding a conventional stainless steel stud;
Figure 2 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition patterned after a Schaeffler diagram illustrating the present invention for stainless steel stud welding with carbon steel components; and Figure 3 is a diagram of chromium equivalent versus nickel equivalent in an iron-chromium-nickel composition as in Figure 1 illustrating the present invention for stainless steel stud welding with low alloy steel components.
Detailed Description In the present method, a ductile stud weld between a stainless steel stud and a carbon steel or low alloy steel component is provided by the use of specially controlled chemistry austenitic materials that are capable of producing an austenite plus ferrite microstructure in the resulting weld structure which retains the ductility with the dilution encountered from the carbon steel or low alloy steel component.
The component to which the stainless steel stud is welded, ~ccording to the present invention is composed of carbon steel or a low alloy steel. Pressure vessel carbon steels are those steels which contain a carbon content that does not exceed 0.4 percent by weight and, in addition to carbon, contain small amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur - derived from the raw materials and ~uel used in the steelmaking process. The term "low alloy steels" as used herein describes steels containinq alloying ingredients as described in the 1983 Edition, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Table UCS-23 20177~9 -4- W.E. 55,065 Section VIII - Division 1, pp 258-264 which describes the Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel.
The stud that is welded to the carbon or low alloy steel component is composed of austenitic stainless steel, which steel contains in excess of about 18 percent by weight chromium and at least 8 percent nickel.
According to the present invention, the chromium equivalent and the nickel equivalent of the carbon steel or low alloy steel component are determined and a stainless steel stud provided that has a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent which, upon stud welding with dilution with the steel component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in the resulting weld. For the purposes of the present invention, the chromium equ~valent is a value expressed by the following formula:
CR equivalent = ~C~ + %Mo + 1.5 x ~Si + 0.5 x %Cb;
while the nickel equivalent is a value expressed by the following formula:
Ni equivalent = ~Ni + 30 x %C + 0.5 x %Mn.
Durin~ stud welding, the molten metal at the end of the stud is diluted by molten metal from the component to which it is welded. Such dilution is generally in the range of about 20 to 50 percent by weight, more generally 20 to 40 percent by weight, with a 30 percent by weight dilution being typical. Also, the present invention is concerned only with stud welding where no additional metal is added to the weld, with the resulting weld containing only metal from the stud and the steel component to which the stud welded.
The standard austenitic stud used for stud welding to carbon steel is AISI304. By referring to Figure 1, for explanation purposes, the chromium equivalent of the carbon steel can be assumed to be 0.45 and the nickel equivalent 7.8 (Point X). For a 304 austenitic stud, the 20177~9 -5- W.E. 55,065 chromium equivalent can be assumed to be 20 and nickel equivalent to be 11.3 (Point Y). The resultant weld, assuming 30 percent dilution (Point Z), is brittle austenitic plus martensitic structure. The desired austenitic weld structure as repeatedly shown in the technical literature is austenite plus delta ferrite.
Refecring now to Figure 2, the application of the present method to the stud welding of a stainless steel stud to a carbon steel component to produce a ductile weld is illustrated. For explanatory purposes, the chromium equivalent of the carbon steel is assumed to be [0+0+(1.5x0.3)+0=0.45] and the nickel equivalent is assumed to be [0+(30x0.25)+(0.5x0.8)=7.8] (Point X). As illustrated, if an austenitic stainless steel stud with a chromium equivalent of 32 and a nickel equivalent of 12.7 (Point Y) is used, the resultant weld, assuming about 30 percent dilution of the stainless steel stud metal with carbon steel metal, would structurally be austenite plus ferrite and consequently ductile (Point Z). The austenite plus ferrite composition of the resulting weld is that falling within the area bounded by llne abcd in the drawing.
In Figure 3, there is illustrated the application of the present method to the stud welding of a stainless steel stud to a low alloy steel component. For explanatory purposes, the low alloy steel component, a steel containing 2.2S percent Cr - 1 percent Mo alloy content would provide a chromium equivalent of 4 and a nickel equivalent of 5 (Point X). If an austenitic stainless steel stud with a chromium equivalent of 32 and a nickel equivalent of 12.7 (Point Y) is used, with 30 percent dilution resulting, the same would provide a weld that would structurally be austenite plus ferrite and consequently ductile (Point Z).
Again, a composition falling within the area bounded by ~0177~9 -6- W.E. 55,065 line abcd would provide an austenite plus ferrite structure in the resulting weld.
Conventionally available materials can be obtained that have a sufficient Cr/Ni eguivalent ratio that will produce an austenite plus ferrite ductile stud weld with about 30 percent dilution with carbon or low alloy steels. For example, an austenitic stainless steel stud containing about 29 percent by weight chromium and about 9 percent nickel, such as 312 in ASME SFA 5.9 (Type ER312) or wrought equivalent will produce the desired metallurgical structure and a weld with sufficient ductility to pass the aforementioned bend test. If a higher Cr equivalent is needed to produce the desired chemistry due to a dilution percentage in excess of 30 percent a selected chemistry 312 stainless steel can be obtained or a special chemistry stainless developed for this use.
The present invention thus provides a method for stainless steel stud arc welding to carbon steel or low . . .
alloy steel components where the composition of the stud is metallurgically to produce a controlled chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent ratio capable of producing a ductile weld structure in the resultant weld.
Claims (10)
1. A method for stud welding stainless steel studs to carbon steel or low alloy steel components and producing a ductile weld therebetween, comprising:
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the steel component;
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution by the steel from said steel component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure; and welding said stainless steel stud to said steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the steel component;
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution by the steel from said steel component, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure; and welding said stainless steel stud to said steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
2. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 1 wherein said stainless steel stud contains a chromium equivalent of about 32 and a nickel equivalent of about 12.7.
3. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 1 wherein the dilution of said stud composition by said steel component composition during the stud welding is in -8- W.E. 55,065 an amount of about 20 to 50 percent based on the weight of the stud metal of said weld.
4. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 1 wherein said steel component is formed from carbon steel and said stud is composed of a stainless steel containing a about 29 percent chromium and 9 percent nickel.
5. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 1 wherein said steel component is formed from a low alloy steel and said stud is composed of a stainless steel.
6. A method for stud welding stainless steel studs to carbon steel components and producing a ductile weld therebetween, comprising:
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the carbon steel component:
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution of the stud composition by the steel from said carbon steel component, in an amount of about 20 to 50 percent based on the weight of the stud metal of the resulting weld, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure; and welding said stainless steel stud to said carbon steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the carbon steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the carbon steel component:
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution of the stud composition by the steel from said carbon steel component, in an amount of about 20 to 50 percent based on the weight of the stud metal of the resulting weld, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure; and welding said stainless steel stud to said carbon steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the carbon steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
7. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 6 wherein said stainless steel stud contains a chromium -9- W.E. 55,065 equivalent of about 32 and a nickel equivalent of about 12.7.
8. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 6 wherein said steel component is formed from carbon steel and said stud is composed of a stainless steel containing about 29 percent chromium and 9 percent nickel.
9. A method for stud welding stainless steel studs to low alloy steel components and producing a ductile weld therebetween, comprising:
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the low alloy steel component;
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution of said stud composition by the steel from said low alloy steel component, in an amount of about 30 to 50 percent based on the weight of the stud material of the resulting weld, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure;
and welding said stainless steel stud to said low alloy steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the low alloy steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
determining the chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent contents of the low alloy steel component;
providing a stainless steel stud having a chromium equivalent and nickel equivalent content which, upon stud welding thereof with dilution of said stud composition by the steel from said low alloy steel component, in an amount of about 30 to 50 percent based on the weight of the stud material of the resulting weld, will provide a structure of austenite plus ferrite in said resulting structure;
and welding said stainless steel stud to said low alloy steel component such that the weld metal, on admixture of the stud metal and the low alloy steel component metal, will produce a structure of austenite and ferrite in the resulting weld structure and thus a ductile weld between said stud and said component.
10. The method of stud welding as defined in Claim 9 wherein said stainless steel stud contains a chromium equivalent of about 32 and a nickel equivalent of about 12.7.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US359,020 | 1989-05-30 | ||
| US07/359,020 US4959518A (en) | 1989-05-30 | 1989-05-30 | Method of welding stainless steel studs |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2017759A1 true CA2017759A1 (en) | 1990-11-30 |
Family
ID=23411988
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002017759A Abandoned CA2017759A1 (en) | 1989-05-30 | 1990-05-29 | Method of welding stainless steel studs |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4959518A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0318480A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR900017716A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1047638A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2017759A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2024279A6 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1239976B (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5618491A (en) * | 1996-02-22 | 1997-04-08 | Trw, Inc. | Studs for boilers and other high temperature applications |
| DE19617975C2 (en) * | 1996-05-06 | 2002-01-24 | Udo Franz | Stud welding process |
| US6308882B1 (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2001-10-30 | Dana Corporation | Method for joining ductile iron and steel |
| US7591407B2 (en) * | 2006-07-18 | 2009-09-22 | Asi Industrial Services, Llc | Anchor and method for reduced Cr (VI) (hexavalent chromium) exposure in a vessel |
| CN101259567B (en) * | 2008-04-25 | 2010-06-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Method for using ultrasonic vibration to process plug welding porous structure aluminium base composite material |
| CN101285160B (en) * | 2008-05-23 | 2010-06-09 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Process for adequately distributing wild phase in welded seam region by welding aluminum based composite material |
| CN101633080B (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2011-07-20 | 敦化市亚联机械制造有限公司 | Manufacturing method of licker-in used for fiber board felting machine |
| JP5875238B2 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2016-03-02 | 株式会社ダイヘン | Welding equipment |
| JP6329769B2 (en) | 2014-01-14 | 2018-05-23 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Welding method and repair method |
| EP3067147B1 (en) | 2015-03-13 | 2020-01-08 | Outokumpu Oyj | Method of welding metal-based non weldable directly to each other materials, using a spacer |
| CN108044224B (en) * | 2017-11-23 | 2020-06-16 | 青岛武船重工有限公司 | Arc stud welding method between austenitic stainless steel stud and ferritic structural steel |
| CN111266713B (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2021-12-03 | 武汉一冶钢结构有限责任公司 | Deposited metal material for ultralow-temperature 304L austenitic stainless steel welding and preparation method |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3723102A (en) * | 1970-06-15 | 1973-03-27 | Airco Inc | High strength iron-chromium-nickel alloy |
| DE2117233B2 (en) * | 1971-04-08 | 1973-03-15 | Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | USE OF A STABLE AUSTENITIC STEEL ALLOY FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF THE ARGONARE PROCESS WITHOUT ADDITIONAL MATERIALS WELDED WITHOUT WARM Cracks |
| CA977586A (en) * | 1972-04-04 | 1975-11-11 | Armco Steel Corporation | Austenitic alloy and weld |
| ATA285473A (en) * | 1972-04-24 | 1976-09-15 | Bofors Ab | AUSTENITIC-FERRITIC, STAINLESS STEEL WITH HIGH STRENGTH AND GOOD CORROSION RESISTANCE |
| US4444589A (en) * | 1981-04-27 | 1984-04-24 | Kubota, Ltd. | Heat resistant alloy excellent in bending property and ductility after aging and its products |
| JPS58125396A (en) * | 1982-01-22 | 1983-07-26 | Hitachi Ltd | Austenitic welded structure |
| JPH0636989B2 (en) * | 1986-05-14 | 1994-05-18 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Members for stud welding |
-
1989
- 1989-05-30 US US07/359,020 patent/US4959518A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-05-11 IT IT20282A patent/IT1239976B/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-05-29 CN CN90103859A patent/CN1047638A/en active Pending
- 1990-05-29 CA CA002017759A patent/CA2017759A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-05-29 ES ES9001481A patent/ES2024279A6/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-05-29 KR KR1019900007791A patent/KR900017716A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-05-30 JP JP2138636A patent/JPH0318480A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1047638A (en) | 1990-12-12 |
| KR900017716A (en) | 1990-12-19 |
| US4959518A (en) | 1990-09-25 |
| IT1239976B (en) | 1993-11-27 |
| IT9020282A0 (en) | 1990-05-11 |
| ES2024279A6 (en) | 1992-02-16 |
| IT9020282A1 (en) | 1991-11-11 |
| JPH0318480A (en) | 1991-01-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |